Schizophrenia

• What is schizophrenia characterized by?

  Disruption of cognition and emotion
• Why do we need systems to classify and diagnose schizophrenia?

  Because schizophrenia is a diverse condition
• What are the two main systems for diagnosing schizophrenia?

  DSM-V and ICD-10
• What is the purpose of the DSM-V and ICD-10 manuals?

  To ensure reliable and valid schizophrenia diagnosis
• What is one positive symptom required by DSM-V for schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Delusions

  
• How many symptoms does ICD-10 require for schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Two or more symptoms
• What is paranoid schizophrenia characterized by?

  Power delusions and hallucinations
• What are the two categories of symptoms in schizophrenia?

  Positive and negative symptoms

  
• What do positive symptoms represent in schizophrenia?

  Experiences added to ordinary existence

  
• What do negative symptoms indicate in schizophrenia?

  Loss of aspects of ordinary existence

  
• What are the definitions of delusions and hallucinations?

  • Delusions: Bizarre beliefs that seem real but are not.
  • Hallucinations: Unreal perceptions, often auditory or visual.
• What are the definitions of speech poverty and avolition?

  • Speech poverty: Difficulty expressing complex ideas, slow speech.
  • Avolition: Inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed behavior.
• What is the difference between diagnosis and classification?

  Diagnosis is identifying the disorder; classification defines it
• Why is it important for the classification of schizophrenia to be valid?

  To ensure accurate measurement of schizophrenia
• What does reliable diagnosis of schizophrenia mean?

  Different psychiatrists reach the same conclusion
• What is a major issue with the validity of schizophrenia classification?

  DSM and ICD define schizophrenia differently
• Why might patients be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia?

  They may not actually have the disorder
• What is the issue with reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  Different manuals may yield different diagnoses
• How does DSM-V's requirement for positive symptoms differ from ICD-10's?

  DSM-V requires one positive symptom; ICD-10 requires two
• What is the implication of low inter-rater reliability in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Different psychiatrists may diagnose differently
• What does Rosenhan's study suggest about schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Diagnosis may be subjective and open to interpretation
• What did Elie Cheniaux et al's study reveal about schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Inter-rater reliability was poor among psychiatrists
• What did Osorio et al's research find regarding schizophrenia diagnosis reliability?

  High inter-rater reliability of +.97 was found
• What is a cultural bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Diagnosis may differ based on cultural perceptions
• Why might African cultural beliefs affect schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Hearing voices may be culturally acceptable
• What is co-morbidity in relation to schizophrenia?

  Presence of two separate conditions affecting each other
• How does symptom overlap affect schizophrenia classification?

  Symptoms may confuse different conditions
• What did Stirling et al's study find about patients with schizophrenia?

  They took longer on cognitive Stroop tasks
• How does CBT help patients with schizophrenia?

  By challenging irrational thoughts and delusions
• What is the process of reality testing in CBT?

  Examining the likelihood that beliefs are true
• What is the aim of normalisation in CBT?

  To teach patients that voice-hearing is normal
• What did Jauhar et al find about CBT's effectiveness?

  It has a significant but small effect
• What is a counterargument regarding psychological treatments?

  They do not cure but improve quality of life
• What is a weakness of studies on CBT for schizophrenia?

  They involve a wide range of techniques
• What did Jauhar et al. find about CBT's effect on symptoms?

  CBT has a significant but small effect
• What did Pontillo find regarding auditory hallucinations?

  Reductions in frequency and severity
• Why is the evidence for CBT a strength?

  It suggests CBT is an effective treatment
• What is a limitation of psychological treatments for schizophrenia?

  They do not cure the patient
• What might be more effective than psychological treatments?

  Drug therapy such as antipsychotic drugs
• What did Neil Thomas point out about different studies on CBT?

  They used different CBT techniques and symptoms