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• What is the genetic basis of schizophrenia?

  Schizophrenia tends to run in families

  
• What does Gottesman's study suggest about genetic risk for schizophrenia?

  Closer relatives have higher risk of developing it

  
• What is the polygenic nature of schizophrenia?

  Multiple genes contribute to its risk

  
• What did Stephen Ripke et al's study find regarding genetic variations?

  108 genetic variations linked to schizophrenia risk
• What is the original dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

  Excess dopamine in the subcortex causes symptoms
• What symptoms are associated with high dopamine activity?

  Auditory hallucinations and speech poverty
• What does the updated dopamine hypothesis suggest?

  Low dopamine levels in the cortex cause negative symptoms
• What is the correlation-causation problem in schizophrenia?

  Uncertainty about cause and effect relationships
• What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis?

  Amphetamines worsen symptoms by increasing dopamine
• What does Gottesman's research indicate about genetic susceptibility?

  Genetic makeup increases vulnerability to schizophrenia
• What does the presence of childhood trauma suggest about schizophrenia?

  Genetic factors alone cannot explain schizophrenia
• What is the most common treatment for schizophrenia?

  Antipsychotic drugs
• How can antipsychotic drugs be administered?

  As tablets, syrup, or injections
• What is the purpose of injections for antipsychotic drugs?

  For patients at risk of non-compliance
• What increases the chance of developing schizophrenia?

  Having a family member with schizophrenia

  
• What did Tienari et al find about biological children of parents with schizophrenia?

  They are at heightened risk even in adoptive families
• Why is genetic vulnerability a strength in understanding schizophrenia?

  It shows some are more vulnerable due to genetics

  
• What percentage of people with schizophrenia reported childhood trauma?

  67%
• What does the childhood trauma statistic suggest about schizophrenia?

  Genetic factors alone cannot explain schizophrenia
• What is the most common treatment for schizophrenia?

  • Antipsychotic drugs
  • Available as tablets, syrup, or injections
  • Required in short or long term
• What are the two forms of antipsychotic drugs?

  Typical and atypical antipsychotics
• How do typical antipsychotics work?

  They act as dopamine antagonists
• What do atypical antipsychotics target?

  Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
• When were atypical antipsychotics developed?

  Since the 1970s
• What is a key feature of typical antipsychotic drugs?

  They target positive symptoms
• How do dopamine antagonists work?

  By blocking dopamine receptors in the brain
• What is a sedative effect of chlorpromazine related to?

  Its effect on histamine receptors
• When is chlorpromazine particularly useful?

  When patients are first admitted and anxious
• What is the main risk associated with clozapine?

  Agranulocytosis
• How does clozapine work differently from chlorpromazine?

  It acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors
• Why might clozapine be prescribed to high-risk suicide patients?

  It has mood-enhancing effects
• What is risperidone developed to achieve?

  Effectiveness without serious side effects
• How is risperidone administered?

  As tablets, syrup, or injection
• How does risperidone bind to receptors?

  More strongly to dopamine than clozapine
• What did Thornley et al's meta-analysis find about chlorpromazine?

  More effective than placebo with lower relapse
• What did Meltzer find about clozapine?

  More effective than typical antipsychotics
• What do side effects of typical antipsychotics include?

  Tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
• Why is the side effect of tardive dyskinesia a weakness?

  Patients may stop taking the drugs
• What does the dopamine hypothesis suggest?

  High dopamine levels link to schizophrenia symptoms
• What is a limitation of antipsychotic drugs regarding their mechanism?

  We do not know why they work