End of the Personal Rule and The Civil War

• The English Civil War was fought between the Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and the Royalists (Cavaliers).
• In 1637, Charles tried to impose Anglicanism on Scotland by appointing bishops, leading to the Bishops' Wars.
• Parliament passed the Petition of Right in 1628, limiting royal power over taxation and imprisonment.
• Charles I raised taxes without consulting parliament, which led to conflict.
• Charles II's marriage to Catherine of Braganza brought England into the war with France
• James VI of Scotland became James I of England and Ireland, uniting the crowns of the three kingdoms.
• Charles raised taxes without parliamentary approval during the First Bishops' War, which led to his defeat at the Battle of Newburn.
• After the Second Bishops' War, Charles agreed to call a parliament but refused to accept its demands.
• Charles attempted to raise revenue through Ship Money, but it led to resistance from local officials.
• Parliament passed the Grand Remonstrance, listing grievances against Charles and demanding reforms.
• Charles dissolved parliament in 1629 due to disagreements with MPs about his policies.
• Charles summoned another parliament in 1640, hoping to gain support for his religious reforms.
• Charles I attempted to raise revenue through Ship Money, but this was opposed by Parliament.
• Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629 due to disagreements about his policies.
• Charles I relied heavily on advisors like Buckingham and Strafford, who were unpopular with Parliament.
• James believed that he had divine right from God to rule, but also recognized the importance of parliamentary consent.
• James supported the Church of England, but allowed freedom of worship for Puritans.
• James faced opposition from Catholics who wanted him to convert back to Catholicism.
• Charles attempted to arrest five members of parliament (the Five Members) but failed.
• The Long Parliament was called in 1640 due to financial difficulties caused by the Thirty-Nine Articles Act.
• Charles dissolved parliament in November 1640, but it reconvened as the Rump Parliament in April 1641.
• The Long Parliament was called by Charles I in 1640 to deal with financial problems caused by the Thirty Years' War.
• In 1639, Charles attempted to impose an Anglican prayer book on Scottish Presbyterians, leading to the outbreak of civil war known as the Bishops' Wars.
• The Long Parliament was called by Charles to deal with financial issues, but he dissolved it when they demanded reforms.
• Charles I dissolved the Short Parliament in April 1640 due to disagreements about funding for the war effort.
• Charles tried to arrest five members of parliament (the Five Members) who opposed him, leading to their escape and the start of the Civil War.
• Parliament passed the Grand Remonstrance against Charles' actions, including his attempts to control them.
• The Long Parliament was dissolved by force, leading to civil war between royalists (supporters of King Charles) and parliamentarians (supporters of Parliament).
• Oliver Cromwell emerged as a military leader and defeated the Royalist forces under Prince Rupert.
• Cromwell established the Commonwealth government, abolishing the monarchy and House of Lords.
• Oliver Cromwell took over as Lord Protector and ruled until his death in 1658.
• Richard Cromwell succeeded Oliver as Lord Protector but proved an ineffective ruler and resigned within eight months.
• During the civil war, Oliver Cromwell emerged as a key military leader on the side of Parliament.
• The New Model Army emerged as a powerful force during the Civil War.
• In 1648, the Rump Parliament executed King Charles I.
• The Great Contract (1615) aimed to limit royal power and increase parliament's influence over taxation.
• Parliament passed the Triennial Act, requiring elections every three years.
• When did the Short Parliament sit?

  13th April- 5th may 1640
• When did the Long Parliament sit?

  November 1640-1660
• How did Charles aim to deal with the 1st Bishops war?

  By force