HA PART 2

• Stomatitis is an inflammation of the oral mucosa.
• Tartar build-up can alter the fibers that attach the teeth to the gum and eventually disrupt the tissue.
• Tartar is a visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms in the gum lines.
• Periodontal disease is characterized by gingivitis, which is red swollen gingiva or gum, bleeding, receding gum lines, and the formation of pockets between the teeth and gums.
• Parotitis is an inflammation of the parotid salivary gland, also known as mumps.
• In advanced periodontal disease, the teeth are loose and pus is evident when the gums are pressed.
• Sordes is the accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms, and epithelial elements) on the teeth and gums.
• Glossitis is an inflammation of the tongue.
• Palpation using the (TEC)2 method involves increased temperature, tenderness, edema/swelling, enlargement, crepitus, consistency and tone of muscle.
• Palpation should involve palpating joints, bursal sites, bones and surrounding muscles, and assessing the patient for both verbal and non-verbal cues of pain.
• Musculoskeletal side effects of medications/ substances include amphetamines which cause muscle hyperactivity, anticoagulants which cause bleeding into the joints, antipsychotics which cause dystonic movements and altered gait, caffeine which causes muscle hyperactivity, corticosteroids which cause necrosis of femur head, diuretics which cause muscle weakness and cramping, phenothiazines which cause gait disturbances.
• Inspection should assess for shape, structure, muscle configuration, body build, posture and body alignment.
• MUSCLE STRENGTH should be assessed as strong and equal, compared on each side, and scaled 0-5.
• General view of the muscle includes atrophy, hypertrophy, and normal muscle mass.
• Examine for deformity, tumors, and pain which can be focal or diffuse.
• For comprehensive assessment, inspection should be carried out observing from anterior, posterior and lateral views.
• When recording measurements, document the exact location at which the measurements were obtained.
• Muscle mass is measured circumferentially at the largest area of the muscle.
• Demographic data, present history, and quality or quantity are important parts of subjective data.
• Inspection and palpation are crucial parts of the examination.
• Diet is essential for a healthy, intact musculoskeletal system, with adequate amounts of vitamin C and D, calcium, and protein.
• Provocative or palliative questions are useful in gathering data about any complaint/problem/symptoms.
• Explain the procedure to the client.
• Timing and time are crucial parts of gathering data about a presenting musculoskeletal complaint.
• Certain illnesses can affect the musculoskeletal system either directly or indirectly, such as tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diabetes mellitus, parathyroid problems, hemophilia, rickets, soft tissue infection, and neuromuscular disabilities.
• Use firm support, gentle movement during the examination.
• Activities of daily living can be affected by presenting musculoskeletal complaints.
• Always start each part of the examination from the neutral position.
• Medications can have side effects like antiseizure drugs (osteomalacia), corticosteroids (vascular necrosis, decrease bone & muscle mass), and potassium depleting diuretics (muscle cramps & weakness).
• Most common chief complaints include pain, weakness, deformity, limitation of movement, stiffness, joint crepitating, changes in sensation or in the size of the muscle, discomfort, disturbed sleeping pattern.
• A history of medication use and response to pain medication aids in designing medication management regimen.
• Gathering of subjective data and objective data involves inspection, palpation, limb measurement, bones, joints, muscles, and diagnostic studies.
• Make sure to have an adequate lighting during the examination.
• History of trauma can include surgery, period of prolonged immobilization, alcohol use, smoking, and family history of osteoporosis.
• Cartilage is a cushioning tissue within a joint so that the bone ends do not rub together, with hyaline cartilage found in the trachea, nose, and articular surface of the bones, elastic cartilage found in the ear, epiglottis, and larynx, and fibrocartilage found between the vertebral disks, between bones of the pelvic girdle, knee, and shoulder.
• During musculoskeletal assessment, it is important to ask whether the patient has any pain and to assess the pain-free side first.
• The aims of musculoskeletal assessment are to determine the degree to which the patient's activities of daily living are affected through a systematic assessment.
• Musculoskeletal assessment involves two objective stages: inspection and palpation, rather than inspecting all joints and then returning to palpate.
• A bursa is a disc-shaped, fluid-filled synovial sacs that develop at points of friction around joints, between tendons, cartilage, and bone.
• Synovial fluid, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and bursa are components of the musculoskeletal system.