Voluntary and Involuntary Actions

• Voluntary actions = conscious actions and conducted under one's will
• Examples of voluntary actions = writing, reading, texting, eating, drinking, walking
• pathway of impulse in a voluntary action = stimulus, affector, effector, response
• Involuntary actions = actions that are controlled by the subconscious mind, such as reflexes
• IA involving medulla oblongata = heartbeat, breathing, peristalsis, secretion of saliva
• IA involving spinal cord = withdrawing hand when it accidentally touches a hot object, sneezing when dust enters then nose
• pathway of impulse in an involutary action = hot/sharp object, affector, effector, spinal cord