Cell Organelles

• The Cell Theory was developed by Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and Robert Remak.
• The history of the development of the Cell Theory can be traced back to the first century when the Romans invented and experimented with glasses.
• Other common organelles found in many, but not all, eukaryotes include the Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts and lysosomes.
• Animals, plants, fungi, algae and protozoans are all eukaryotes.
• In 1590, Dutch spectacle-maker Zacharias Janssen made the first compound microscope, which could magnify an image 30 times.
• Robert Hooke, in 1665, examined the structure of thinly sliced cork under a microscope and described small rectangular compartments which he called cellulae.
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch shopkeeper, in 1676, examined pond water sample and saw living organisms, which he called animalcules.
• Matthias Schleiden determined in 1838 that all living plant tissue was composed of cells and that each plant arose from a single cell.
• Theodore Schwann came to a similar conclusion about animals in 1839.
• Schleiden and Schwann’s researches became the bases of the first two postulates of the Cell Theory.
• In 1858, the cell theory was refined by German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, who concluded that “all cells arise from cells” and that the cell was the basic unit of life.
• Robert Remak initially made the discovery of cell division in 1855.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle dedicated to protein maturation and transportation.
• The cytoplasm is the region of the cell between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane.
• In most mature plant cells, the vacuole that occupies the largest space is called central vacuole.
• The nucleolus, found inside of the nucleus, is the part of eukaryotic cells where ribosomal RNA is produced.
• Within a eukaryotic cell, each membrane-bound structure carries out specific cellular functions.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• The cytoskeleton or cell wall provides structure, allows for cell movement, and plays a role in cell division.
• Archaea and Bacteria are examples of prokaryotes.
• The nucleus stores the genetic information in chromatin form.
• Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs involved in transportation and storage.
• The central vacuole maintains the Turgor Pressure to keep cell from wilting.
• Each granum contains several stack of thylakoid that contains chlorophyll.
• Prokaryotic cell features include Nucleoid, Ribosome, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Capsule, Fimbriae, Pili, Flagella.
• Organelles are internal structures responsible for a variety of functions, such as energy production and protein synthesis.
• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound structures, the most noteworthy of which is the nucleus.
• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell and encompasses the organelles within.
• Mitochondria, also known as the powerhouses of the cell, are responsible for energy production.
• Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane.
• Prokaryotic cells tend to be small, simple cells, measuring around 0.1 - 5 μ m in diameter.
• Cytosol is a gel-like substance within the cell that contains the organelles.
• Flagella and cilia are appendages responsible for locomotion of cells.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell and inside the nuclear envelope is the nucleoplasm.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) manufactures secretory proteins such as pancreatic cells.
• Peptidoglycan is composed of amino acids and sugars and gives the cell walls of the bacteria structure and provides protection.
• Chloroplasts contain stroma, a colorless fluid surrounding grana.
• Ribosomes are small, dense structures that help in the assembly of proteins in the cell and are not membrane-bound, so they are not organelles.
• Lysosomes are vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes used to digest cellular components.
• Centrioles help in the separation and movement of the replicated genetic materials called chromosomes to opposite poles.