Midterms

• 1 to 100 billionths of a meter

  ➛ Nanoscale
• Denotes sizes of the order of one billionth of a meter

  ➛ Nano
• Is a broad and interdisciplinary area of research and development activity that has been growing explosively worldwide in the past few years. It has the potential for revolutionizing the way in which materials and products are created and the range and nature of functionalities that can be accessed.

  ➛ Nanostructure science and technology (Siegel, 1999)
• Denote "divided matter"

  ➛ Nano materials
• Particles with diameters of 1-50nm (10-500 Ao)

  ➛ Nanoparticles
• > Refers to the scientific study of materials of nanometer size, i.e., one billionth of a meter

  > A combination of developments in solid state chemistry, synthetic chemistry, molecular biology, solid state physics and engineering, and scanning tunneling microscopy

  ➛ Nanoscience (The Royal Society, 1994)
• Refers to various technologies to produce materials of extra high precision and dimensions on the scale of one-billionth of a meter.

  ➛ Nanotechnology
• > Coined the term "nanotechnology" in 1974

  > From Tokyo Science University

  ➛ Norio Taniguchi
• implies the ability to generate and utilize structures, components, and devices with a size range from about 0.1nm (atomic and molecular scale) to about 100nm (or larger in some situations) by control at atomic, molecular, and macromolecular levels.

  ➛ Nanotechnology
• • Fermentation process on nanoscale (making bread, wine, beer, cheese and other foods)

  • Nanoparticles of galenite (lead sulfide) were formed in hair dyeing process

  ➛ Ancient Egyptians
• • The Lycurgus Cup (Rome) is an example of dichroic glass; colloidal gold and silver in the glass allow it to look opaque green when lit from outside but translucent red when light shines through the inside.

  ➛ Ancient Rome
• • Vibrant stained-glass windows in European cathedrals owed their rich colors to nanoparticles of gold chloride and other metal oxides and chlorides; gold nanoparticles also acted as photocatalytic air purifiers.

  ➛ Middle Ages
• Discovered the semiconductor transistor and greatly expanded scientific knowledge of semiconductor interfaces, laying the foundation for electronic devices and the Information Age.

  ➛ 1947: John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs
• Introduced many concepts of—and coined the term— “molecular engineering” as applied to dielectrics, ferroelectrics, and piezoelectrics

  ➛ 1956: Arthur von Hippel at MIT
• Originated the concept of, designed, and built the first integrated circuit, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 2000.

  1958: Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
• Coined the term "nanotechnology" to describe precision machining of materials to within atomic-scale dimensional tolerances.

  ➛ 1974: Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi
• Invented the scanningtunneling microscope, allowing scientists to ""see"" (create direct spatial images of) individual atoms for the first time.

  ➛ 1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM’s Zurich lab
• Is credited with discovering the carbon nanotube (CNT).

  ➛ 1991: Sumio Iijima of NEC
• > Built a nanoscale car made of oligo (phenylene ethynylene) with alkynyl axles and four spherical C60 fullerene (buckyball) wheels.

  > At temperatures above 300°C it moved around too fast for the chemists to keep track of it!

  ➛ 2006: James Tour and colleagues at Rice University
• > Built a lithium-ion battery with a common type of virus that is nonharmful to humans, using a low-cost and environmentally benign process.

  > The batteries have the same energy capacity and power performance as state-of-the-art rechargeable batteries being considered to power plug-in hybrid cars, and they could also be used to power personal electronic devices.

  ➛ 2007: Angela Belcher and colleagues at MIT
• 7 Nanotechnology examples

  1. Cell Pharmacology

  2. Cell Surgery

  3. Molecular Electronics

  4. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

  5. Nanocrystals

  6. Nanotubes

  7. Quantum Dots
• Use of nanomachines for site-specific delivery of drugs, and useful in chemotherapy of targeted cancer cells.

  ➛ Cell Pharmacology
• Use of medical nanomachines to manipulate cellular structures in genetic engineering.

  ➛ Cell Surgery
• Use of atomically precise molecular parts for molecular switches, circuits and nanocells for creating miniaturized nano computers.

  ➛ Molecular Electronics
• Useful for imaging conducting surfaces

  ➛ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (Carraher, Jr., 1995)
• Formed by combining two or more molecules of inorganic substances, i.e., silica and aluminum to form commercial grade heat and rust resistant coatings.

  ➛ Nanocrystals
• Carbon atom aggregates in various forms at nanoscale, for example in the shape of cylinders which are electrical conductors, can be mixed with special polymers to make nanofibers and painted on rooftops as part of solar cells.

  ➛ Nanotubes
• Size and arrangement of nanocrystals impact physical properties such as color (Carraher, Jr., 1994c). For example, nanogold appears orange (<1nm) or red (3- 30nm) depending on the size and arrangement of gold aggregates.

  ➛ Quantum Dots
• The Philippines, through the effort of ___ __ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ provides opportunities and technical services to local industries by Nano Lab.

  ➛ Department of Science and Technology- Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI)
• 5 nanotechnology projects that are being worked out in the Philippines under the supervision of DOST- ITDI

  1. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and semiconductors: use of nanowires to ultrafast ICT with small power consumption

  2. Solar cells: dye sensitized- based solar cells (DSSC) is low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin solar cells.

  3. Agriculture: facilitate gene transformation and expression of animal and plant cells.

  4. Food: biodegradable food packaging

  5. Environment: water purification by nanofilters for treating heavy metal contaminat
• 3 Major environmental applications of nanotechnology

  1. Water treatment and purification

  2. Environmental remediation

  3. Green Nano Composites
• The removal of contaminants and pollutants from the environment (e.g. contaminated soil and ground water or surface water)

  ➛ Environmental remediation
• Materials having ecofriendly attributes that are technically and economically feasible while minimizing the generation of pollution (Khalil, Bhat and Yusra 2011)

  ➛ Green Nano Composites
• The transmission of information relied only through ""word-of-mouth"" channels

  ➛ The pre-gutenberg world
• He built the first printing press which heralded the start of mass communication in 1440

  ➛ Johannes Gutenberg
• A term used to express the democratizing effects of the invention of the printing press among society.

  ➛ Gutenberg Revolution
• Study of the interactions between organisms and the environment they live in

  ➛ Ecology
• The set of conditions that surround an organism

  ➛ Environment
• Include temperature, light, water, air, soil and nutrients that surround an organism.

  ➛ Environmental factors
• All living organisms inhabiting the Earth

  ➛ Biotic factors