Geography

• South Sudan Case Study:

  • Population density- 18/km
  • 33% of the population live of 7% of the land
  • High fertility rates of 4.7 contributing to population growth
  • High levels of young dependants
  • Poverty 171 out of 179 countries
  • Capital city is Juba
• Under population in Russia case study:

  • 70% of the population lives in the European side of Russia which takes up only 20% of Russia's land. This means it's densely populated in the west and sparsely in the east.
  • The harsh living conditions in the North move the population to the south of the country.
  • Population density 9/km
  • Fertility rate is 1.6
  • Life expectancy is 72 years
  • Rich in resources such as oil, gas and coal but not enough people to gather them.
  • They have 1/5 of the worlds timber supply.
  • Population is 143.4 million.
• Russian Policies Case Study:

  • In 2019 the UN predicted that the Russian population will have halved by 2100.
  • The Russian government has spent 9 billion on policies to increase the population such as paying women to have children and encouraging immigrants from other Russian speaking countries.
• 2 Russian Policies Cases Study:

  • 2008: Parental Glory Award introduced for families with over 7 children, the reward was; a medal, £1000, highly valued and a presidential ceremony.
  • People with 3 or more children also get tax breaks, free parking, theatre trips and holiday vouchers.
  • Assistance with electricity bills.
  • 'Never' is a city on the South east of Russian which borders China.
  • Moscow is the capital of Russia.
• Qatar Case Study:

  • Qatar's population is very young and 71% are male.
  • 70% of Qatar's population are migrants.
  • Females in Qatar are having 2.4 children compared to the 5.4 children in 1980.
  • The FIFA world cup stadium began being built in 2010.
• Wave cut platforms:

  • At high tide the power of the sea attacks and erodes the bottom of the cliff. Over time erosion creates a wave cut notch.
  • As the wave cut notch gets bigger through erosion, the weight of the rock above the notch get greater. Eventually the cliff can't support it's own weight and collapses. The process then starts again, with the erosion of the sea making a new wave cut notch.
  • As the process continues the cliff starts to retreat. Because the cliff is moving backwards a wave cut platform is created. Wave cut platforms are only visible at low tide.
• Caves:

  Cracks in the rock erode though abrasion. Waves force their way into these cracks and through erosion these cracks get bigger and form a wave cut notch. The water contains sand and other materials which grind away at the rock until the notch becomes bigger and turns into a cave.
• Arches and stacks:

  Hydraulic action and abrasion are the main erosional processes. If the cave is formed in a headland, it may eventually break through to the other side forming an arch. The arch will continue to be eroded and will gradually become bigger until it can no longer support it's own weight and collapses. When an arch collapses it will form the headland on one side and a stack on the other.
• Stumps:

  The stack will be attacked at the base by waves, this weakens the structure and it will eventually collapse to form a stump.
• Holderness coast:

  • The Holderness Coast is located on the East coast of Yorkshire, England, where it makes contact with the North sea. It extends 61 Km from Flamborough Head in the North to spurn point in the South.
  • The coastline is very exposed and has little protection from large destructive waves coming from the North sea. These waves have a long fetch across the North sea.
  • The Holderness coast is sinking at a rate of 3mm/year.
  • Cliffs eroding at and average of 2m/year (up to 8.75/year)
• Holderness Coast Opportunities:

  Fishing:

  • Cod from the North sea
  • Bridlington is UK's number 1 port for lobster.

  Tourism:

  • Natural attractions such as Mappleton beach and Bridlington bay.
  • Growth of employment opportunities.
  • Easily accessible from Midlands.

  Trading Port:

  • Port of Hull.
  • Mouth of Humber Estuary.
  • Trade across the North sea.
  • #1 UK port for timber.
  • Also passenger ferries to Europe.

  Energy:

  • Offshore wind farms.
  • Hornsea project 2 (world's biggest windfarm)
• Hazards- Coastal erosion on the Holderness Coast:

  Loss of farmland:

  • Great Cowden Farm.
  • Sheep and pig farms.
  • Loss of farms and farm buildings.

  Transport:

  • Threat to important roads such as the B1242

  Housing:

  • Loss of housing.
  • Increase in insurance premiums.
  • Properties devalued due to high risk of damage.

  Businesses:

  • Golden Sands Holiday park.
  • 12 caravans moved last year.
• Holderness Coast Facts:

  • Europe's fastest eroding coastland.
  • Average of 2m/year (up to 8.75m/year)
  • Erosion due to unconsolidated boulder clay.
  • Strong waves (Fetch over North Sea)
• Holderness Coast Soft management

  Beach Nourishment:

  • Hornea + Mappleton
  • It was put in place to make the beach bigger so it absorbs more energy.

  Managed retreat:

  • 1995 authorities stopped trying to protect the spit as it was to expensive to maintain.

  Cliff Drainage:

  • Put in place in Easingtone to reduce the rate which cliffs get saturated and slump into the sea.

  Vegetation:

  • Planting vegetation to stabilise the sand dunes.
• Holderness Coast Hard Management

  Groynes:

  • In 1991 stone groynes were built at Mappleton, and other at Withersea.

  Rip Rap:

  • In Withernsea 10 tonne granite boulders were put in place which came from Norway.

  Sea walls:

  • In Withernsea sea walls were put in place to reduce wave energy.

  Offshore Breakwater:

  • In Hornsea they were put in place 2km offshore.

  Revetements:

  • Put in Hornsea and made out of concrete (timber elsewhere).

  Gabions:

  • Put in place in Hornsea, they are cages housing boulders.
• Hurricane Mathew hit Florida on October the 8th 2016 and lasted 3 days.
• The most significant impacts of Hurricane Mathew were felt in Haiti, with 2.8 billion US dollars worth of damage and 546 deaths, making Mathew the worst disaster to affect the nation since the 2010 earthquake.
• Long term effects of Hurricane Mathew are; People struggling to rebuild and restore their homes or businesses, health risk are a threat with water-borne diseases especially in Haiti, and there environmental changes with coastal erosion, ruined crops and drowned livestock.
• Hurricane Mathew travelled a total of 3,000 miles, starting in Barbados and finishing to the East of Washington D.C
• Hurricane Mathew's wind speed doubled from 80 to 160 mph, meaning that it changed from category 1 to 5 within 24 hours.
• Hurricane Mathew in Cuba:

  • Over 1 million people evacuated.
  • Medical staff sent to high risk zones.
  • Supplies were stockpiled.
  • All schools were closed.
  • 218 shelters were opened.
• Hurricane Mathew caused several US states to issue states of Emergency.
• Hurricane Mathew caused 8,500 people to evacuate the dominican republic.
• Dominican Republic Case Study:

  • Value of tourism - 10 billion Dollars
  • 16% of GDP is from tourism
  • 7 international airports
  • 16 national parks
  • 28 golf courses
  • Good weather
  • Over 800 hotels
  • Over 5 million tourists every year