James and Foreign Policy

• What was the personal moto of James?

  'Beati Pacifici' - blessed are the peace makers
• Who was the role model and what reputation did James want?

  King Solomon 'Rex pacificus
• Why was it important for national politics that James remain peaceful with European superpowers?

  Spain and France were Catholic, important to keep Catholic support at home
• Why was it important to keep peace?

  War was a huge financial drain and would increase Par influence, being forced to call it for financePeace was also good for trade, and in the years of peace, trade boomed
• How did James try to maintain peace? (rings)

  Strategic marriages of his children
• When did James make peace wit Spain?

  1604 Treaty of London
• How did James try to maintain peace?(prots)

  Didn't offer support to the United Provinces despite Par pressure
• What was the Spanish Match?

  James aimed to get Charles to marry the Spanish Infanta
• Who supported the Spanish Match?

  Philip III - stop James joining Prot Euro allianceHowards - Catholic and controlled major officesEnglish Catholics - Force greater tolerance
• Who was against the Spanish Match?

  Wriothesley - wanted unified policy with greater Par involvement
• Why did James want the Spanish match?

  Dowry of £600k would pay off debt and make up for Addled ParWanted good relations in the continent
• How did the 30 Years War start?

  Hapsburg, Ferdinand elected king of Bohemia then became anti-protSon-in-law of James, Frederick would put Prots in majority if he replaced FerFred accepted crown but kicked out by Ferd and defeated at battle of White Mountain
• Why did the Thirty Years War pose a problem for James?

  Need to restore crown to son-in-law FredNeed to maintain peace and good relations with Catholics for son's marriageDidn't have financial means to go to war
• What did par want in response to war?

  Naval war with Spain- self-financingAlliance with Dutch
• What did James want in response to war?

  Spanish concessionsDirectly win back Palatinatekeep marriage
• How did Par anger James in decision making for war 1621?


  Presented Petition of Protestation- asserted right to discuss all of James' prerogative rights and family dealings
• When did Charles and Buckingham travel to Madrid?

  Left Feb 1623
• What did Charles aim to achieve in his trip to Madrid?

  Show commitment to Infanta and speed up marriage negotiationsMassive failure-returned intent on war
• How was James pushed to war?

  Charles returned as a hero and bent of war with SpainPar voted £300k for war
• How did the focus for a marriage shift to France?

  Anger with Spain, severed ties and wanted anti-Hapsburg alliance, required French coop
• What was the marriage agreement reached with the French in Nov 1624?

  Henrietta Maria + chapel +28 priests +1 bishop + children allowed to practise Catholicism = dowry and military cooperation
• Why was the marriage to Henrietta not ideal?

  Dowry less than that of InfantaMilitrary cooperation was not guaranteed and fell through quickly.
• What was the Mansfield Expedition of 1625?

  German mercenary Count Mansfield led expedition.many died in Netherlands or disease and others desertedComplete failure and waste of £60k
• What Protestant allies where made?

  1624, financed 6k troops for 2yrs1625 £30k per month financing Denmark 7k troopsHelped Prots without war, but not in way Par desired
• Which allies did James abandon when making peace with Spain in 1604?

  the Dutch
• Why was Parliament against the Spanish match?

  Didn't want Charles' children, the heirs of England to be brought up Catholic.The Spanish might force greater toleration of Catholics in England
• Which Parliament forced James into a position of needing the dowry from the Spanish match?

  Addled Parliament 1614- didn't get any money
• When was the battle of White Mountain?

  November 1620
• How many troops did James finance in the Netherlands in 1624 and for how long?

  6,000 troops for 2yrs
• When did the truce between the Netherlands and Spain end?

  1621
• Who did the English public support in the Thirty-Years War?

  Fredrick and Elizabeth, wanted them reinstated
• When did James make a treaty with the Dutch?

  1624
• Why was James not hoping for confrontation with the Spanish in the same way as others in England?

  ScottishNo accumulated hostility
• Why didn't James want to have to spend more on war?

  Would make par more powerful if he had to ask for money
• Why did Philip III want the Spanish match?

  To stop James joining Euro Prot coalition
• Why was James still opposed to conflict with Spain in 1621?

  Spanish match still on the cardsAnti-Hapsburg, not anti-Catholic
• What did Parliament call on James to do?

  'pursue the aiding of those of our religion
• How was the trip to Madrid a failure?

  Effectively kept as prisonersNo change in negotiations
• How was the French marriage agreement carefully constructed by Louis XIII negotiator?

  Didn't want war yetNo mention of military assistance
• How much did the Mansfeld expedition cost?

  £60kComplete failure