gen bio l2

• Chlorophyll and other pigments are important in photosynthesis as they initiate the process.
• Plant pigments can be identified according to the wavelength of light absorbed.
• Chlorophyll and other pigments play an important role in initiating photosynthesis in plants.
• The hydrolysis (water-mediated breakdown) of ATP to ADP is reversible.
• ATP and ADP are like charged and uncharged forms of a rechargeable battery.
• ATP (charged battery) has energy that can be used to power cellular processes or reactions.
• Once the energy is used up, ADP (uncharged battery/dead battery) needs to be recharged in order to be used as a power source.
• The ATP regeneration reaction is the reverse of the hydrolysis reaction: 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫��𝐲 + 𝐀��𝐏 + 𝐏 𝓲 ⇌ ��𝐓𝐏 + 𝐇 𝟐 𝐎.
• When ATP is broken down, energy is released and ADP is formed.
• When ADP binds with another phosphate group, energy is stored and ATP is formed.
• The hydrolysis of ATP not only results in a release of energy but also would simply result in organisms’ overheating because the dissipation of energy would excite nearby molecules, resulting in heat or thermal energy.
• Energy in a cell needs to be linked to other processes in order to be useful.
• Energy coupling is the transfer of energy from one chemical reaction to another.
• An energetically favorable reaction (exergonic, e.g., ATP hydrolysis) is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable reaction (endergonic, e.g., ATP regeneration).
• Through energy coupling, the cell can perform nearly all of the tasks it needs to function.
• Photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, carotene, anthocyanins, and carotenoids.
• Plants possess pigments that can absorb light in specific regions of the spectrum.
• Energy coupling is the transfer of energy from one chemical reaction to another.
• Light from the sun is absorbed by colorful compounds called pigments.
• The chlorophyll pigment in leaves helps make photosynthesis happen by absorbing light energy from the sun to put together carbon dioxide and water to form glucose or food.
• If all colors or wavelengths of visible light are absorbed and none are reflected, the pigment appears black to our eyes.
• On the contrary, if all colors or wavelengths of light are reflected, the pigment appears white to our eyes.
• Green plants have green leaves, and the leaves are green because of the green pigment called chlorophyll, which are found in the chloroplasts.
• Chlorophylls appear green because the pigments absorb light on all of the color ranges, and only green is transmitted to our eyes.
• Other pigments that are not involved in photosynthesis are stored in the vacuole, a large cellular structure that also serves as storage place of water and nutrients.
• Chlorophyll a is the core pigment that absorbs sunlight for light-dependent photosynthesis.
• The structure and amount of pigments determine the variations in color.
• The leaves of plants have mesophyll cells, the photosynthetic cells, which possess specialized structures called chloroplasts where photosynthetic pigments are located.
• Chlorophyll gives plants their green color and may hide the other pigments found in leaves.
• The visible light spectrum ranges from red (the longest wavelength) to orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (the shortest wavelength).
• Chemical reactions can be classified as either exergonic (energy outward) or endergonic (energy inward).
• All colors of visible light except green are absorbed by chlorophyll, which it reflects to be detected by our eyes.
• Exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
• Endergonic reaction one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
• Uncoupled reaction is when glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose.
• Coupled reaction is when there are two reactions that take place: a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose, forming a phosphorylated glucose intermediate (glucose-P), and the glucose-P intermediate reacts with fructose to form sucrose.
• Glucose-P is relatively unstable, this reaction also releases energy and is spontaneous.