Chapter 16

• Atlantic Revolutions were political and social changes that reshaped the world.
• The uniqueness of the Atlantic Revolutions lies in their global impact and their connection through multiple revolutionary leaders.
• The North American Revolution, 1775-1787, was a regional revolution rather than a global one.
• The French Revolution, 1789-1815, was a global revolution that was closely connected to other Atlantic Revolutions.
• The Haitian Revolution, 1791-1804, was the most immediate and loudest of the Atlantic Revolutions.
• The Spanish American Revolutions, 1810-1825, were a series of revolutions that echoed the Atlantic Revolutions.
• The Universal Abolition of Slavery was a consequence of the Atlantic Revolutions.
• The American Connection to the French Revolution was the war debt.
• The Three Estates in the French Revolution were a symbol of resentment against the monarch for taking advantage.
• The National Assembly in the French Revolution was what happened when the third estate broke away.
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (DOROMAC) in the French Revolution stated that all men are born and remain free in equal and rights.
• The contrasting French and American revolutions had complex motivations, with the American Revolution being more political and the French Revolution being more political, social, economic, and cultural.
• The French Revolution saw radicalism and violence, including the beheading of the king and queen and mass executions.
• The French Revolution sought to create a new and rational world.
• The French Revolution had a greater global impact and dealt more with social inequality.
• Napoleon Bonaparte, the revolutionary paradox, kept equality and got rid of liberty, ended feudalism, claimed religious tolerance.
• An unusual social hierarchy in the Americas includes bottom African slaves, people of color, poor whites, and rich whites.
• Enlightenment attacks on tradition and promotion of liberty stemming from feminism are a concept discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• Toward Global Feminisms is a concept discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• The political uses of nationalism are a concept discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• The British took the lead by abolishing the slave trade and setting free all slaves.
• Slave revolt, civil war, and foreign invasion are historical events in the Americas.
• The fate of a new nation, Haiti, remains unclear due to social, economic, and political instability.
• Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal created a political power vacuum that led to the shadow of social rebellion in Haiti.
• Nationalism: Unification and separatism is a concept discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• Europe after Napoleon: The Congress of Vienna is a historical event.
• Independence without unity or social revolution resulted in the loss of the super state dream.
• Reactions: Left Support and Right Opposition are concepts discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• The “nation” as a new idea; political power rests in the hands of the people is a concept discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• Creole (native born elite) resentment of peninsulares (sent from Iberia) and Europe is a historical event in Haiti.
• Nationalism and international conflict: world wars is a concept discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• Toussaint Louverture, a former slave, united slaves, dealt with foreign invaders, defeated Napoleon's forces, and became a prisoner who died.
• Jean-Jacque Dessaline, who took Toussaint Louverture's place, became the first head of state of Haiti, a post-slavery republic where the majority of citizens were slaves.
• Sufferage and Professional opportunities; right to vote, and new professions, property rates are concepts discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• Resistance to Abolition was mostly in the southern states of the U.S.
• Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin are historical figures who imagined the creation of a super state of Latin America.
• Nationalism beyond Europe is a concept discussed at the Congress of Vienna.
• Mary Wollstonecraft's book gave early statements to feminism and the Seneca Falls conference, the first organized feminist expression, are historical events.
• Converging forces against slavery include enlightenment philosophy, Protestant morality, and economic reality, which made slavery look inefficient.
• The United States is the only nation who held a war to end slavery.