AP World History

• Factors that motivated European involvement in Asia included a desire to access Asian markets and spices, have efficient government, and trade deficits due to a lack of valuable goods to trade. Additionally, Muslims controlled the supply of goods, leading to issues abroad.
• The Portuguese Empire of Commerce, had economic weaknesses in terms of goods not being in demand and a lack of wealth to buy with cash. However, the empire had military strengths and gained authority to take goods. The empire also established trading posts in Mombasa, Hormuz, Goa, Malacca, and Macao and created a pass system called _cartaz_ to create a monopoly. They assimilated into Asian trade by carrying Asian goods to Asian ports, but were too large and too poor to make a long-term impact.
• The Spanish colonization of the Philippines began with Ferdinand Magellan's voyage in 1519, but it was not until 1565 that they established a permanent settlement. The Spanish rule lasted for over 300 years, during which they introduced Christianity and implemented various colonial policies, including the encomienda and repartimiento systems, and a rigid social hierarchy. The Spanish also made Manila a hub of trade and commerce, with the Chinese playing a significant role in the economy, despite conflicts resulting in the Chinese Massacre of 1603.
• The East India Companies were private trading companies that emerged during the European colonial period.
• Merchants invested their own wealth in these companies with the goal of increasing profits through trade with distant lands.
• The Dutch East India Company was one of the most successful, dominating trade in Indonesia and the surrounding regions.
• The British East India Company, on the other hand, established a foothold in India and became a major player in the region.
• Both companies engaged in what was known as "carrying trade," which involved transporting bulk commodities such as spices, textiles, and precious metals between Asia and Europe.
• Asian entrepreneurialism has a rich history that spans centuries, from the ancient Silk Road trade routes to the bustling markets of modern-day cities.
• Asian merchants have always been known for their business savvy and innovative spirit.
• The Chinese merchant class played a key role in the country's economic growth during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
• Countries like India and Indonesia have a long tradition of entrepreneurship, with vibrant small business communities that contribute to their respective economies.
• Today, Asian entrepreneurs continue to make their mark on the world, with successful startups and innovative business models that are changing the way we live and work.
• 1. The Indian Ocean commercial network was a web of maritime trade and commerce between all of the lands on the Indian ocean. It shared ideas, cultures, and goods and mainly included East Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. It had a strong economic effect on these places and shaped their societies as well. There were many disruptions and changes in the 16th century caused by Europeans mainly the Portuguese and led to a decline in Asian merchant dominance.
• The Portuguese trading post empire established fortified posts across trade routes and coasts to control and make money through trade. It aimed to secure valuable goods from Asia and Africa. However, by 1600, it declined due to competition, conflicts, and disrupted trade networks.
• 1. Philippines had a Spanish colonization that lasted for around three centuries. The Spanish led through their military and conversion to Christianity. They also created colonial institutions. The Spanish had in impact on the Philippine's culture, language and religion.
• British and Dutch East India Companies were powerful trading organizations. The British East India Company gained control over India, while the Dutch East India Company had control over Indonesia. The British made payments to the Mughal leaders in India. These companies played a significant role in expanding their countries' power and influence in the Indian Ocean region.
• Tokugawa Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa Shogunate. It had a very strict feudal system, centralized government, and created policies to keep stability and power. These policies included social hierarchies, and restrictions on travel. This period was known for it's peace as well as it's development of unique cultural practices.
• 1. The "Silver drain" refers to the movement of money from Europe to the East to pay for luxury goods. This was due to the lack of desirable trade goods in Eastern markets. The result was the transfer of the world's silver supply to China.
• The "piece of eight" was a silver coin used as currency from the 16th to 19th centuries. Originally coined by the Spanish Empire, it could be easily divided into eight equal parts. It was convenient for trade and commerce and often depicted as treasure in pirate legends.
• Potosi is a city in Bolivia and was the site of the world's largest silver mine during this period. The discovery of the mine brought wealth to Spain, allowing for more political and military expansion. Potosi grew to become the largest city in the Americas with a population of around 160,000 in the 1570s.
• The fur trade was an important economic factor during North America's colonial period. Europeans, like the French and British, traded with Native American tribes for valuable animal furs using goods like beads, cloth, and metal tools. This trade influenced the relationships between Europeans and Native Americans and played a role in the exploration and colonization of North America.
• During the fur trade, "Soft Gold" referred to animal fur because of their high economic value and importance in North America. Fur was a material that played a significant role in trade, because its demand led to the exploration and colonization of North America by European powers.
• 1. The African diaspora was the name that was given to the forced migration of African people mainly across the Americas and Europe and was caused by the slave trade.
• Maroon Societies were groups of escaped slaves in the Americas. They typically lived in difficult geographic areas such as mountains and swamps in order to stay undercover. The Palmares was a Maroon Society in colonial Brazil. It was incredibly successful and lasted for many decades. The members of Palmares were called Quilombolas and they kept their independence through military strength against Portuguese rule. Their society ended up developing their own form of government and due to their fight against enslavement they enjoyed their lives in some form of peace.
• Signares were a group of mixed (African and European) women who lived in West Africa. They were often the daughters of European traders and African women. Their position in society was unique because they often had access to money, education, and other benefits due to their European ethnicity. They were helpful with trade and interactions with merchants and had a strong influence on culture.
• Benin also known as Dahomey was a powerful kingdom from the 15th to the 19th century. It was recognized by it's government and military strength and was also skilled in craftsmanship and artistic abilities. The kingdom also had little involvement in the African slave trade due to the leaders strive for independence and restrictions on the trade.
• Both companies engaged in what was known as "carrying trade," which involved transporting bulk commodities such as spices, textiles, and precious metals between Asia and Europe.
• Asian entrepreneurialism has a rich history that spans centuries, from the ancient Silk Road trade routes to the bustling markets of modern-day cities.
• The Chinese merchant class played a key role in the country's economic growth during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
• Countries like India and Indonesia have a long tradition of entrepreneurship, with vibrant small business communities that contribute to their respective economies.
• Today, Asian entrepreneurs continue to make their mark on the world, with successful startups and innovative business models that are changing the way we live and work.
• The Dutch in Indonesia and the British in India were two private trading companies where merchants invested their own wealth.
• The Tokugawa Shogunate and the Seclusion Act of 1636 marked the beginning of a long era of feudal conflict in Japan.
• Ming Tax Policy: Mandate that all Chinese taxes be paid in silver.
• The Silver Drain: Due to mandate most of world’s silver ended up in China.
• Potosi: A City of Silver: Worlds largest silver mine and impact of mine was devastating to local economy.
• The rise and fall of the Spanish economy was largely due to the Silver Drain.
• Japan’s Silver Management: used silver to end warfare, establish order, and create alliances with merchants creating a flourishing economy.
• Silver’s impact on China: Many regions changed their export to gain more silver.