Cultural Deprivation

• What is cultural deprivation?

  Lack of the "right" cultural understanding
• Why are students from non-white middle-class backgrounds disadvantaged?

  Schools are based on white middle-class values
• Who claims that middle-class family culture benefits education?

  Bernstein and Young
• What do Bernstein and Young suggest about non-white middle-class pupils?

  They face cultural deprivation due to fewer opportunities
• What did the Centre of Longitudinal Studies find about children from disadvantaged backgrounds?

  They are up to one year behind by age 3
• What is argued to be the cause of the achievement gap in children?

  Cultural deprivation during primary socialisation
• What are the three main aspects of cultural deprivation?

  • Language
  • Parents' education
  • Working-class subculture
• How does language affect educational achievement?

  It influences cognitive development and schooling benefits
• What did Hubbs-Tait et al (2002) find about parental language use?

  Challenging language improves cognitive performance
• What did Feinstein (2008) discover about educated parents?

  They are more likely to use challenging language
• What are the two types of speech codes identified by Bernstein (1975)?

  Restricted code and elaborate code
• What characterizes the restricted code?

  Limited vocabulary and grammatically simple sentences
• What characterizes the elaborate code?

  Wider vocabulary and complex sentences
• How do speech codes affect educational achievement?

  They create differences between working-class and middle-class students
• What role do parental attitudes play in educational achievement?

  They influence children's values and future planning
• What do middle-class values emphasize according to Douglas (1967)?

  Planning for the future and individual achievement
• How do working-class values differ from middle-class values?

  They focus on immediate gratification and fatalism
• What are the four key features of working-class subculture according to Sugarman (1970)?

  1. Fatalism
  2. Collectivism
  3. Immediate gratification
  4. Present-time orientation
• How does cultural deprivation impact educational achievement?

  It limits access to resources and knowledge
• What does Bourdieu argue about the education system?

  It is built around the habitus of the middle class
• How do differences in gratification affect educational outcomes?

  Working-class students may drop out for immediate rewards
• How do middle-class students view education compared to working-class students?

  They believe in long-term rewards from education