U1 - Changing Populations

• Physical factors are the differing characteristics of nature found in different countries.
• Human factors are population numbers and the activities of humans.
• Examples of physical factors are climate, access to freshwater, and proximity to coasts
• Today, most major cities are located alongside rivers, which provide food, water, and trade.
• Today, about 40% of the world's population lives within 100 km of the coast.
• North-South divide is the increasing inequality levels of development between the North and the South.
• Development gap is the difference in wealth between the developed world and the developing world
• The G7/G8 is the group of the world's wealthiest and most powerful countries
• G10 or Paris Club is a group representing the wealthiest members of the international monetary fund
• 85% of the global population live in areas less than 500 meters high
• Less than 10% of human population lives in the Southern Hemisphere
• Approximately around 5 billion people live in middle-income countries.
• The percentage of people living in LICs fell by 80% between 1994 and 2014
• GNI per capita is the GNI divided by the country's national income by its mid-year population
• Newly industrializing countries include South Korea and Taiwan
• BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Refers to certain emerging market countries.
• Human factors include accessibility and potential for trade
• The DTM is only based on data from England, Wales and Sweden.
• Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age.
• Women in rural areas tend to have more children due to more rigid social pressure, less state control, fewer educational and economic opportunities for women, and children are viewed as a lending hand in work
• The lowest fertility rates in Europe include those in Italy and Spain
• Dependency ratio measures the working population and the dependent population
• One of the most important geographical phenomena of the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been the growth of megacities
• Conflict induced displacement includes people who are forced to move due to armed conflict
• Development-induced displacements includes people who are forced to move as a result of large-scale infrastructure projects such as dams motorways, airports, urban redevelopment, mining, deforestation.
• Disaster-induced displacements includes people who are displaced due to natural disasters
• A refugee is a person residing outside his or her country of nationality who is unable or unwilling to return because of a fear of persecution
• An asylum seeker is a person who has left their country of origin in search of protection in another country
• Internally displaced persons are groups of people who have been forced to flee their home suddenly or unexpectedly in large numbers as a result of conflict
• Development displacees are people compelled to move as a result of policies and projects to promote development
• Smuggled people include those who have been forcibly displaced as well as those who have left their homes in search of a better standard of living
• Trafficked people are those who are moved by deception for the purpose of exploitation and profit
• By 2035, the number of over-65s is expected almost to double to 1.3 billion.
• Ageing societies are forming as a time-delayed impact of high fertility levels after the Second World War and more recent improvements in health that are reducing death rates.
• The older dependency ratio (ODR) acts as an indicator of the balance between working-age people and the older population that they must support.
• Depletion of the labour force is a consequence of ageing societies.
• A trade deficit can be caused because of ageing societies.
• Deterioration of the economy can happen if ageing societies are not treated accordingly.
• New jobs can be given to the elderly to alleviate the economic crisis of ageing societies.
• Attempts to reduce trafficking of people include increasing public awareness about the risks involved as well as designing policies to prevent trafficking.