Psych

• What is conformity?

  A change in behavior due to group pressure
• What are social roles?

  Expected behaviors for certain social positions
• What is obedience?

  Complying with a demand from authority
• What are the types of conformity?

  • Compliance
  • Identification
  • Internalisation
• What is compliance in conformity?

  Shallow change to avoid rejection, not permanent
• What drives identification in conformity?

  Desire for relationship with the group
• What is internalisation in conformity?

  Deep acceptance of beliefs, permanent change
• What are the explanations for social influence?

  • Normative social influence: need to be liked
  • Informational social influence: need to be right
• What is normative social influence?

  Need to be liked, leads to compliance
• What is informational social influence?

  Need to be right, leads to internalisation
• What was the procedure of Asch's 1951 experiment?

  Participants judged line lengths with confederates
• What were the findings of Asch's experiment?

  75% conformed at least once, 5% never conformed
• What variables affect conformity according to Asch?

  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Task difficulty
• How does group size affect conformity?

  More confederates increase conformity rates
• What effect does unanimity have on conformity?

  Breaking unanimity decreases conformity rates
• How does task difficulty affect conformity?

  Increased difficulty leads to increased conformity
• What are the evaluations of Asch's study?

  ✅ High internal validity

  ❌ Lacks mundane realism

  ❌ Lacks temporal validity

  ❌ Uses American sample
• What does high internal validity mean in Asch's study?

  Carefully controlled and standardized procedures
• What is a limitation of Asch's study regarding realism?

  Lacks mundane realism, unrealistic situation
• What is a limitation of Asch's study regarding sample diversity?

  Uses an entirely American sample
• What was Zimbardo's concern in 1971?

  Intense aggression in the U.S. prison system
• What was the procedure of the Stanford prison experiment?

  24 male students assigned as prisoners or guards
• What were the findings of the Stanford prison experiment?

  Participants lost identities, showed extreme behavior
• What are the evaluations of Zimbardo's study?

  ✅ Well controlled initial setup

  ✅ Practical applications to real-life situations

  ❌ Limited influence of social roles shown by Reicher and Haslam

  ❌ Potential experimenter bias and demand characteristics

  ❌ Psychological harm to participants
• What was Milgram's aim in 1963?

  To explain obedience during the Holocaust
• What was the procedure of Milgram's experiment?

  Participants shocked learners for wrong answers
• What were the findings of Milgram's experiment?

  100% shocked to 300 volts, 65% to 450 volts
• What are the explanations for obedience according to Milgram?

  • Agentic state: acting as an agent of authority
  • Legitimacy of authority: social hierarchy acceptance
• What is the agentic state?

  Mental state where one feels no responsibility
• What is the legitimacy of authority?

  Acceptance of social hierarchy through socialization
• What situational variables affect obedience in Milgram's study?

  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
• How does proximity affect obedience?

  Increased distance decreases obedience rates
• How does location affect obedience?

  Run-down location decreases legitimacy, lowers obedience
• How does uniform affect obedience?

  Without uniform, obedience rates drop significantly
• What are the evaluations of Milgram's study?

  ✅ Manipulation of variables supports conclusions

  ❌ Lacks mundane realism and ecological validity

  ❌ Gender biased and demand characteristics present
• What is the dispositional explanation for obedience according to Adorno?

  Authoritarian personality shaped by strict parenting
• What does the F-scale measure?

  Authoritarian submission and power attitudes
• What are the evaluations of Adorno's theory?

  ✅ Explains differences in Milgram's and Adorno's studies

  ❌ Not as supported as situational explanations

  ❌ F-scale has acquiescence bias and biased questions

  ❌ Theory is oversimplified
• What defines deviation from social norms?

  Behaviour against societal expectations
• Why are social expectations important in defining abnormal behaviour?

  They aim to make society more pleasant