Structure of DNA and RNA

• The process of DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning that each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
• Adenine (A) always forms a bond with thymine (T), while guanine (G) always forms a bond with cytosine (C).
• DNA consists of two polynucleotides that are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, forming a double helix.
• Phosphodiester linkage: Formed when phosphate groups attach to sugar molecules through ester bonds, creating a backbone structure for nucleic acids.
• Nucleobases: The nitrogenous bases adenine (A), guanine (G), uracil (U), and cytosine (C) form the building blocks of nucleic acids.
• There are three types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
• Nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a single-stranded molecule composed of ribose sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
• RNA is a single-stranded molecule that is usually shorter than DNA and contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose.
• DNA is a double-stranded molecule that forms a helical structure, with two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
• Ribose: A type of pentose sugar found in ribonucleotides, which make up RNA.
• Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during protein synthesis.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers amino acids to the growing peptide chain during translation.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Components of ribosomes involved in protein synthesis.
• In DNA, the sugar component is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose.
• DNA has two strands held together by hydrogen bonding between complementary pairs of bases, while RNA typically exists as a single strand without this double helix structure.
• complementary base pair bond is hydrogen
• adjacent nucleotides in dna strand are paired and are separated by a phosphate group