skeletal

• Long bones, such as the femur, are used for movement, support, and production.
• Short bones, like the carpals, are used for weight bearing and shock absorption.
• Flat bones, like the scapula and cranium, are used for muscle attachment and protection.
• Irregular bones, like the vertebrae, are used for spinal cord protection.
• Sesamoid bones, like the patella, are used for reducing friction at the knee.
• Types of joints include fixed/fibrous, cartilaginous/slightly moveable, and synovial/freely moveable (Hinge, ball & socket, condyloid, gliding, saddle, pivot).
• Short-term (Acute) Effects of exercise include ossification and increase in synovial fluid.
• Long-term (Chronic) Effects/Adaptations of exercise include bone growth through ossification, increased synovial fluid amount and reduced viscosity, ongoing bone remodeling and increased mineral density, and strengthening of tendons through collagen synthesis.
• Ossification occurs in growth plates/epiphyseal plates and is influenced by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
• Exercise stimulates osteoblast activity, leading to stronger bones.
• Synovial fluid is a lubricant in synovial joints, increasing during exercise, with benefits including joint health, flexibility, and reduced friction.
• Long-term skeletal adaptations include osteocyte activity, bone remodeling, and mineral density increase.
• Osteocyte activity, osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte activity increase with exercise, impacting on preventing osteoporosis and reducing fracture risk.
• Bone remodeling is an ongoing process involving osteoclasts destroying old bone and osteoblasts building new bone, resulting in stronger bones.
• Mineral density increase is achieved through physical stress on bones, combined with good nutrition, increasing mineral deposition and bone density, preventing osteoporosis and reducing fracture risk.
• Collagen and tendon strength are increased through fibroblasts producing collagen, strengthened through mechanical loading during exercise, with weight-bearing exercises contributing to increased tendon strength.
• Importance of bone growth in populations at risk of osteoporosis is emphasized, with weight-bearing exercises crucial for bone growth.
• Responses to exercise include osteoclast and osteoblast activities in response to weight-bearing exercise, impacting on bone strength.
• Recovery of skeletal system involves replacement of collagen in tendons and bones, and replacement of calcium in bones.
• Overtraining impact can result in stress fractures.