Developmental Psychology (Finals/Deptals) Reviewer

• 1. accommodation


  Piaget's term for the process by which children modify their existing schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new experiences.
• Albert Bandura


  Social Learning Theory, theorized by , posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation
• amnion


  a watertight membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, serving to regulate its temperature and to cushion it against injuries.
• Assimilation


  Piaget's term for the process by which children interpret new experiences by incorporating them into their existing schemes.
• attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

  an attentional disorder involving distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior that often leads to academic difficulties, poor self-esteem, and social or emotional problems.
• breech birth


  a delivery in which the fetus emerges feet first or buttocks first rather than head first.
• Blastocyst


  name given to the ball of cells formed when the fertilized egg begins to divide
• cesarean delivery


  surgical delivery of a baby through an incision made in the pregnant woman's abdomen and uterus.
• Cerebrum


  the highest brain center; includes both hemispheres of the brain and the fi bers that connect them
• crystallized intelligence


  the ability to understand relations or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired from schooling and other cultural infl uences
• clinical method


  a type of interview in which a participant's response to each successive question (or problem) determines what the investigator will ask next
• cognitive development


  age-related changes that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking, and remembering.
• cognitive development


  changes that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking, and remembering.
• cognitive schema


  In psychology and cognitive science, a schema (plural schemata or schemas) describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.
• Conception


  the moment of fertilization, when a sperm penetrates an ovum, forming a zygote
• conditioned response (CR)


  a learned response to a stimulus that was not originally capable of producing the response
• conservation


  the recognition that the properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way
• creativity


  the ability to generate novel ideas or works that are useful and valued by others
• cross-sectional design


  a research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time
• dependent variable


  the aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable
• development


  systematic continuities and changes in the individual over the course of life.
• Developmentalist


  any scholar, regardless of discipline, who seeks to understand the developmental process (e.g., psychologists, biologists, sociologists, anthropologists, educators)
• developmental psychology


  branch of psychology devoted to identifying and explaining the continuities and changes that individuals display over time.
• Egocentrism


  the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective while failing to recognize that others may have different points of view
• Erik Erikson


  maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.
• experimental control


  steps taken by an experimenter to ensure that all extraneous factors that could infl uence the dependent variable are roughly equivalent in each experimental condition; these precautions must be taken before an experimenter can be reasonably certain that observed changes in the dependent variable were caused by the manipulation of the independent variable.
• experimental design


  a research design in which the investigator introduces some change in the participant's environment and then measures the effect of that change on the participant's behavior.
• fluid intelligence


  the ability to perceive relationships and solve relational problems of the type that are not taught and are relatively free of cultural influences
• Formula of Computing IQ


  The concept of IQ was invented in the year 1904 by Alfred Binet. The equation used to calculate a person's IQ score is Mental Age / Chronological Age x 100. On most modern IQ tests, the average score will be 100 and the standard deviation of scores will be 15.
• gender-role standard


  a behavior, value, or motive that members of a society consider more typical or appropriate for members of one sex.
• Giftedness


  the possession of unusually high intellectual potential or other special talents.
• genetic disorder


  is a disease that is caused by a change, or mutation, in an individual's DNA sequence. A genetic disorder is an illness caused by changes in a person's DNA.
• Genotype


  the genetic endowment that an individual inherits.
• growth hormone (GH)


  the pituitary hormone that stimulates the rapid growth and development of body cells; primarily responsible for the adolescent growth spurt.
• Howard Gardner


  is a developmental psychologist best-known for this theory of multiple intelligences. He believed that the conventional concept of intelligence was too narrow and restrictive and that measures of IQ often miss out on other "intelligences" that an individual may possess.
• ideographic development

  individual variations in the rate, extent, or direction of development.
• Implicit cognition


  refers to unconscious influences such as knowledge, perception, or memory, that influence a person's behavior, even though they themselves have no conscious awareness whatsoever of those influences.
• independent variable


  is define as the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment. ... Independent variables are the variables that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable. A change in the independent variable directly causes a change in the dependent variable.
• informed consent


  the right of research participants to receive an explanation, in language they can understand, of all aspects of research that may affect their willingness to participate.
• Intelligence


  in Piaget's theory, a basic life function that enables an organism to adapt to its environment.