AQA A-LEVEL BIOLOGY

• Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.
• what are the three categories of molecules?

  lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
• what is a molecules if its based on carbon?

  organic
• what group does DNA belong too?

  nucleic acids
• what is a one unit carbohydrate called?

  monosaccharide
• what is a monosaccharide with three carbons called?

  triose monosaccharide
• what is a monosaccharide with five carbons called?

  pentose monosaccharide
• give an example of a triose monosaccharide?

  glyceraldehyde
• give an example of a pentose monosaccharide?

  ribose (found in nucleic acids e.g. dna and rna)
• what is the name of a six carbon monosaccharide?

  hexose monosaccharide
• give 3 examples of a hexose monosaccharide

  glucose, fructose, galactose
• what is the formula for hexose monosaccharides?

  C6 H12 O6
• what is two monosaccharides joined together?

  disaccharide
• what is maltose made up of?

  glucose and glucose
• what is sucrose made up of?

  glucose and fructose
• what is lactose made up of?

  glucose and galactose
• how do you test for non reducing sugars?

  benedicts solution in boiling water bath
• what monosaccharide is a non-reducing sugar?

  sucrose
• why does a colour change take place during the test for reducing sugars?

  because copper sulfate is being reduced
• what factors cause oxidation?

  add oxygen, loose hydrogen, loose electrons
• what factors cause reduction?

  loose oxygen, gain hydrogen, gain electrons
• how is a disaccharide formed?

  glycosidic bond
• what reaction takes place to join a disaccharide?

  condensation
• what is the difference between a-glucose and b-glucose?

  a - same, B - opposite
• what are the two types of lipids?

  triglycerides and phospholipids
• what are triglycerides made up of?

  glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• what are phospholipids made up of?

  glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
• what is a fatty acid with no double bonds called?

  saturated fatty acid
• what is a fatty acid with one double bond called?

  mono unsaturated fatty acid
• what is a fatty acid with more than one double bond called?

  poly unsaturated fatty acid
• what is the test for lipids?

  alcohol and shake, water and emulsion forms
• is cellulose branched or unbranched?

  unbranched
• what is cellulose made up of?

  two beta glucose molecules
• is glycogen branched or unbranched?

  very branched
• how branched is starch?

  highly branched
• what is starch made from?

  amylose and amylopectin
• what are branched structures good for?

  energy storage
• what is the test for starch?

  iodine in potassium solution turns blue
• how may levels of protein structure are there?

  4
• what is the primary structure like?

  a sequence of amino acids