solar system

• The time it takes for a planet to complete one orbit around the Sun is called its orbital period.
• Meteorites are rocks or debris from space that enter Earth's atmosphere and burn up.
• Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter.
• Comets have an icy nucleus surrounded by dust and gas.
• Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the sun.
• The asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.
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• Photosphere: the luminous surface layer of the sun or a star; what Earthlings see.
• Chromosphere: a stratum of the upper atmosphere in which photochemical reactions are prevalent.
• Corona: a colored circle around the sun; outermost part of the atmosphere.
• Solar flares: a sudden temporary outburst of energy from a small area of the sun's surface.
• Sunspots: dark spots on the surface; relatively colder than any part.
• Prominence: a mass of gas resembling a cloud that arises from the chromosphere.
• Solar wind: plasma continuously ejected from the sun's surface into and through interplanetary space.
• Aurora borealis: occurs in earth’s northern hemisphere.
• Aurora australis: occurs in earth’s southern hemisphere.
• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Ceres, and the Moon are all part of the Terrestrial Planets.
• The Jovian Planets or The Gas Giants include Jupiter, Io, Callisto, Ganymede, Europa, and Saturn.
• The Ice Giants include Uranus and Neptune.
• The Kuiper belt includes Pluto, Charon, and other objects.
• The asteroid belt includes Ceres, Vesta, and other objects.
• Polaris, Sirius, Alpha Centauri, Alpha Centauri (A and B), Proxima Centauri, and Canis Major are all heavenly bodies.
• The Zodiac Signs include Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.
• The Earth has an axial tilt of 23.5 degrees, an axial precession of 25,772 years (~26,000 years), and its days per revolution (Earth year) are 365.2422 days (~ 365.25 days).
• Igneous rocks are formed through solidification of magma, are the oldest rocks, and examples include basalt, granite, rhyolite, obsidian, pumice.
• The Soviet Lunar Program was the first unmanned mission in 1959.
• A solar eclipse occurs when the moon covers the sun.
• Due to the axial tilt, eclipses occur.
• Tides are affected by the sun, earth, and moon, with neap tide being weak and spring tide being strong.
• The fall equinox is when the sun shines directly over the equator, marking the beginning of fall in the northern hemisphere and spring in the southern hemisphere.
• Rotation is the movement on an axis, while revolution is the movement around a star.
• Sedimentary rocks are formed through lithification and are often found near water resources, sometimes containing fossils, examples include conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale.
• Phases of the moon can be observed from the Earth.
• Penumbra is the outer cone of partial shadow which diverges instead of tapering, observed in a partial solar eclipse.
• Precession is the wobbling of the axis.
• The Moon is in synchronous rotation with the Earth, therefore it only shows one side (rotation period ≅ revolution period).
• The Earth is composed of 71% water, with a Gutenberg discontinuity in the inner core, a Mohorovičić discontinuity in the lower mantle, and a Gutenberg discontinuity in the upper mantle.
• The summer solstice is the longest daylight in the northern hemisphere, with the sun overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23.5º N).
• The Moon, also known as “Luna”, has no atmosphere and its revolution with respect to the stars is 27.32 days.
• Umbra is the central cone of darkness which tapers away from the Earth or Moon, observed in a total solar eclipse.