earth science

• The Earth's crust is the outermost layer, composed mainly of silicate minerals.
• The core consists of two parts - an inner solid core and an outer liquid core.
• The mantle lies beneath the crust and extends to about halfway down into the planet.
• Mantle - The mantle lies beneath the crust and extends to about halfway down into the planet.
• Core - The core consists of two parts: an inner solid core and an outer liquid core.
• Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements along fault lines or fractures within the Earth's crust.
• The Solar System consists of the Sun, which has a photosphere, chromosphere, and corona, and eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
• The Terrestrial Planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
• The Jovian Planets, also known as the Gas Giants, include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
• The Ice Giants include Uranus and Neptune.
• The Kuiper belt includes Pluto and other bodies.
• The Asteroid belt includes Ceres and other bodies.
• The Zodiac Signs include Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces.
• The Earth has an axial tilt of 23.5 degrees, an axial precession of 25,772 years, and its days per revolution (Earth year) are 365.2422 days.
• The Earth experiences eclipses, including solar eclipses where the moon covers the sun, and lunar eclipses where the moon appears red.
• The Earth also experiences tides, including neap tide where the sun, earth, and moon form a 90-degree angle, and spring tide where the sun, earth, and moon are in a straight line.
• The Earth has solstices and equinoxes, caused by its revolution, including summer solstice where it is at its northernmost point, fall equinox where it is at its southernmost point, and spring/vernal equinox where it is at its northernmost point.
• The Earth also experiences planetary motions, including rotation, revolution, and precession.
• The Moon, which has no atmosphere, has a revolution with respect to the stars of 27.32 days and is in synchronous rotation with the Earth, therefore it only shows one side (rotation period ≅ revolution period).
• The Soviet Lunar Program was the first unmanned mission to the Moon in 1959.
• Apollo 11 was the first manned landing on the Moon in 1969 (Neil Armstrong).