Earth Science

• Geology is the study of the earth, also known as geoscience, which looks at the earth's formation, structure, composition, and the processes acting on it.
• Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and elements that produce weather.
• Oceanography is the study of the composition and movements of sea water, coastal processes, seafloor, topography, and marine life.
• Astronomy is the study of the universe, planets’ origin and members of the solar system.
• The present begins with our past because it is where it all started from.
• Our past decisions and experiences are responsible for current events that happen to us.
• The past may tend to repeat itself for both good and bad causes.
• The past may offer us solutions to previous conflicts so that unfortunate events could not happen again.
• Genesis describes how God separated light from darkness, and created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature in a span of six days.
• Rigveda describes the universe as an oscillating universe like Egg and Big Crunch.
• Anaxagoras believed in a primordial universe and explained that the original state of the cosmos was a mixture of all its ingredients like dust, matter, and other particles.
• Leucippus and Democritus believed in an atomic universe where everything is connected.
• Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed a geocentric model where the Earth is motionless in the heavens and everything revolves around it.
• Theory of Heliocentrism suggests that the sun is the center of the universe; motionless, Earth and other planets revolve around it.
• Giordano Bruno suggests that the solar system is not the center of the universe; it is just another star system among infinite multitude of others.
• Isaac Newton describes the universe as a static, unstable, steady-state, and infinite universe.
• Rene Descartes outlined a Cartesian vortex model with many characteristics of Newton’s static, infinite universe.
• Albert Einstein assumed that the universe is a static, dynamically-stable universe, which is neither expanding nor contracting.
• Big Bang Theory suggests that the universe is expanding which starts from a tiny dense point, with matter not present at the beginning of time; only pure energy compressed in a single point called “singularity”.
• Georges Lemaitre laid the fundamental statement of Big Bang Theory.
• Hubble demonstrated the continuous expanding universe through observation of galactic red shifts.
• Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation.
• Steady State Theory suggests that the universe is always expanding but maintaining a constant average density, with matter being continuously created to form new stars and galaxies at the same rate that old ones become unobservable.
• Sir Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred Hoyle (1948) proposed Steady State Theory.
• Inflationary Universe suggests that the universe underwent a short and sudden episode of great expansion right after the Big Bang, a phenomenon called inflation.
• Sir Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking (1981) proposed Inflationary Universe.
• Law is a mathematical statement that tells how something happens.
• Earth is situated in the Habitable Zone (Goldilocks Zone) - the distance from a star where liquid water can exist in its liquid form.
• Inflation is a theory about the early universe.
• Protoplanet Hypothesis is the current working mode for the formation of the Solar System, it incorporates many of the components of the nebular hypothesis, but adds some new aspects.
• Hypothesis is a researched and reason law guess about why something happens.
• A system is a set of interconnected components that are interacting to form a unified whole.
• Water is the most abundance molecule in cells, 70% or more of cell mass is water, and the presence of water allowed the first photosynthetic organisms to thrive.
• Earth is called a unique planet due to the presence of liquid water, an available heat source, and an existence of an atmosphere.
• CMB last scattering is a theory about the early universe.
• Theory is something that answers why.
• Nebular Hypothesis is the most generally accepted evolutionary model for the origins of solar systems.
• Heat drives the different systems necessary to support life on Earth.
• Multiverse is a theory about the existence of an infinity of universes, all with their own laws of physics, their own collections of stars and galaxies and maybe even their own intelligent civilizations.
• First stars is a theory about the early universe.