psych 3 assumptions

• Psychological traits are distinguishable, relatively enduring ways in which one individual varies from another, permitting people to predict the present from the past.
• Psychological traits are characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that generalize across similar situations, differ systematically between individuals, and remain rather stable across time.
• Psychological traits include intelligence, specific intellectual abilities, cognitive style, adjustment, interests, attitudes, sexual orientation and preferences, psychopathology, etc.
• User Norms or Program Norms consists of descriptive statistics based on a group of testtakers in a given period of time rather than norms obtained by formal sampling methods.
• Norming is the process of deriving norms.
• A “Good Test” includes clear instructions for administration, scoring, and interpretation; offered economy in the time and money it took to administer, score, and interpret; and, measures what it purports to measure.
• Norm-Referenced Testing and Assessment is a method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual testtaker’s score and comparing it to scores of a group testtakers.
• Systematic Sampling is a type of probability sampling where every nth item or person after is picked.
• Sampling is the process of selecting a sample.
• A Normative Sample is a group of people whose performance on a particular test is analyzed for reference in evaluating the performance of individual testtakers.
• Reliability in testing refers to the consistency of the measuring tool and the precision with which test measurers and the extent to which error is present in measurements.
• Testing and Assessment can be conducted in a Fair and Unbiased Manner despite the best efforts of many professionals.
• Validity in testing refers to the measure what it is supposed to measure.
• Simple Random Sampling is a type of probability sampling where every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected as part of the sample.
• Standardization is the process of administering a test to a representative sample of testtakers for the purpose of establishing norms.
• Probability Sampling involves random sampling, where randomization is used to select samples.
• Random errors such as luck are not considered in Classical Test Theory.
• Cluster Sampling is a type of probability sampling where groups rather than individual units of the target population are sampled.
• A Sample is a portion of the universe of people that represents the whole population.
• Stratified Sampling is a type of probability sampling where random selection is done within predefined groups.
• Tests are tools that can be used properly or improperly.
• Norms are usual, average, normal, standard, expected, or typical.
• Testing and Assessment Benefit Society considering the many critical decisions that are based on testing and assessment procedures.
• Age Norms are the average performance of different samples of testtakers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered.
• Developmental Norms are norms developed on the basis of any trait, ability, skill, or other characteristics that is presumed to develop, deteriorate, or otherwise affected by chronological age, school grade, or stage of life.
• Grade Norms are developed by administering the test to representative samples of children over a range of consecutive grade levels.
• Purposive sampling is when items or individuals are chosen consciously based on their knowledge and understanding of the research question at hand or their goals.
• Snowball or referral sampling is when people recruited to be part of a sample are asked to invite those they know to take part, who are then asked to invite their friends and family and so on.
• Percentile is an expression of the percentage of people whose score on a test or measure falls before a particular raw score.
• National Norms are derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time norming study was conducted.
• Local Norms provide normative information with respect to the local population’s performance on some test.
• Fixed Reference Group Scoring System is when the distribution of scores obtained on the test from one group of testtakers (fixed reference group) is used as the basis for the calculation of test scores for future administrations of the test.
• Domain- or Content- Referenced Testing and Assessment is how scores relate to a particular content area or domain.
• Non-probability sampling is when researchers pick items or individuals based on their research goals or knowledge.
• Criterion-Referenced Tests and Assessment is a method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating an individual’s score with reference to a set standard (criterion).
• Convenience sampling is when items or individuals are selected based on their availability.
• Percentage Correct refers to the distribution of raw scores, specifically, to the number of items that were answered correctly multiplied by 100 and divided by the total number of items.
• After obtaining a sample for standardization, the test developer will administer the test according to the standard set of instructions that will be used with the test and also describe the recommended setting for giving the test.
• Quota sampling is when a spread across the target population is achieved by specifying who should be recruited for a survey according to certain groups or criteria.
• Competent test users understand and appreciate the limitations of the test they use as well as how those limitations might be compensated for by data from other sources.