lesson 2

• Biological molecules are essential macromolecules that are composed of smaller organic molecules. 
• Biomolecules are polymers, meaning they are formed from the combination of monomers (single subunit molecules) via dehydration synthesis. 
•  Dehydration synthesis is the opposite of hydrolysis.​
• Organic molecules which have the same molecular formula but exists in different forms are called isomers.
•  Stereoisomers are a form of isomers whose skeletal structure is the same; however, the arrangement and attachment of atoms are different.​
• Hydrocarbons are molecules which consist of multiple bonds of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Functional groups are specific groups of molecules that are responsible for the varying molecular properties and interactions
• Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1.
• Carbohydrates main function is storage due to the large amounts of C-H bonds, which can store large amounts of energy.
• Monosaccharides are the simplest unit of carbohydrates. These can be in ring structure or chain formation.
• Disaccharides are simply combinations of monosaccharides linked together by their fused -OH compounds, forming the glycosidic linkage.
• Polysaccharides are simply chains of disaccharides. These differ in the level of branching chains.
• the main structure of lipids is a glycerol head and a fatty acid tail.
• This group of molecules have multiple variations but have one (1) common characteristic: they are insoluble in water. Lipids
• if the carbons form double bonds thereby reducing the number of hydrogen atoms attached, it is now known as an unsaturated fatty acid.
• If all tails have two (2) hydrogen atoms attached to each individual carbon (thereby only forming single C-C bonds), it is known as a saturated fatty acid.
• Lipids main functions are energy storage, membrane formation, steroid function.
• Nucleic acid main function is the storage and synthesis of genetic information of cells​
• There are only two (2) variants of nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• Nucleic acids are composed of repeating subunits called Nucleotides
• The 5-carbon sugar for DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is simply ribose.
• Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
• Polypeptides are chains of multiple amino acids. Proteins are multiple chains of 
• Primary a. Arrangement of amino acids to form peptide groups
• Secondary a. Interaction of peptide groups to form helixes (α-helix) or sheets (β-sheets)
• Tertiary a. Arrangement of polypeptides to form subunits of a protein
• Quaternary a. Arrangement of multiple subunits of proteins
• Benedict's test is meant to identify reducing sugars. Reducing sugars are those that have a free aldehyde or ketone group to transfer hydrogen atoms as part of the reduction process
• Biuret Test identifies the presence of peptide bonds. A sample that has high amounts of peptide bonds (long chains) will give off a light to deep purple color. Meanwhile, samples that have short peptide bonds or amino acids will give off a pink color.
• This test relies on the non-volatile nature of lipids. Using water as a control, the spot test determines that lipids are less volatile than water.
• • The emulsion test requires a mixture of fat/oil with water. Sudan IV, which is a lipophilic molecule, acts as an indicator that forms micelles/droplets when added to the solution. ​
• Dische test is also referred as Diphenylamine test
• Dische test identifies the presence of DNA based on the reaction between the Dische reagent (mainly diphenylamine) and the 2-deoxypentose sugar of DNA. The redox reaction forms a blue colored complex upon conversion of the pentose sugar.
• Enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.