Gen Bio 1 L10: Glycolysis

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    • Glycolysis: it is the first step in aerobic respiration.
    • Glycolysis: it is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm.
    • Glycolysis: it involves breakdown of glucose into two molecules oof pyruvate.
    • Glycolysis: anaerobic respiration, does not require oxygen.
    • Glycolysis: an essential step in aerobic cell respiration because it provides the starting material for the subsequent steps that occur in the mitochondria.
    • 2 MAIN PHASES OF GLYCOLYSIS: 1) The Energy Investment Phase, 2) The Energy Payoff Phase
    • Energy Investment Phase: steps 1-3
    • Step 1: Glucose is Phosphorylated by the enzyme Hexokinase (HK) using one molecule of ATP.
    • Step 1: It converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
    • Step 2: Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI).
    • Step 3. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is phosphorylated by the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK) using another molecule of ATP, producing fructose-1,6-biphosphate.
    • Energy Payoff: steps 4-10
    • Step 4. Fructose-1,6-biphosphate is split into 3-Carbon molecules: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), producing Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
    • Step 5. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is oxidized by triose phosphate (TP) isomerate to produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
    • Step 6. G3P is oxidized and phosphorylated by the enzyme glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH) producing NADH and 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate.
    • Step 7. 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate donates a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
    • Step 8. 3-Phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM)
    • Step 9. 2-Phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) by the enzyme enolase (ENO)
    • Step 10. PEP is reduced to pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK) with the production of ATP from ADP
    • Step 10. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) donates the phosphate group to ADP forming ATP and pyruvate (PK - pyruvate kinase)
    • At the end of Glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate and a net gain of two ATP and two NADH.
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