physiology

• Physiology is the study of how animals work.
• Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (1915–2007) is known for his work in physiology.
• Physiology involves the study of the structure and function of various parts and how these parts work together.
• There are more than 1 million species of animals that live on Earth.
• Unifying themes in physiology apply to all physiological processes.
• Insects are the most diverse group of animals.
• The biological level of organization is the smallest level of physiological subdisciplines.
• Physiological Regulation is a central theme in physiology.
• Negative feedback loops work by the body working against the change.
• Animal cells are exposed to external and internal environments.
• Homeostasis also involves physiological mechanisms for regulating body temperature, such as shivering and sweating.
• Negative feedback is a strategy that works against the change.
• Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental perturbations, controlled by feedback loops or reflex control pathways.
• Homeostasis helps animals to resist the changes of the environment.
• The different organ systems of the animal’s body work together to regulate the internal environment.
• Homeostasis involves strategies for coping with changing conditions, including conformers who allow internal conditions to change with external conditions, and regulators who maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions.
• The internal environment of an animals is often regulated so that it is different than the external environment.
• Most cells composing the body of an animal are exposed to the internal environment.
• Physiological subdisciplines are based on the biological level of organization and the process that causes physiological variation can be divided into due to cell and molecular physiology, systems physiology, organismal physiology, and ecological physiology.
• Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws and are usually regulated, as seen in homeostasis, the maintenance of internal constancy.
• The genotype is the genetic makeup and the phenotype is the morphology, physiology, and behavior.
• Genotype is the product of evolution.
• Epigenetics impairs gene expression.
• Chemoreceptor activity decreases during hyperventilation.
• Steady state is when there is no net change but continuous dissipation of energy or matter.
• Two types of questions in physiology are Proximate cause and Ultimate cause.
• Animals (and all organisms) continuously dissipate energy to keep away from equilibrium.
• Negative feedback is involved in the regulation of hyperventilation.
• Breath holding results in increased carbon dioxide (CO2), increased hydrogen ion concentration (pH), and decreased oxygen pressure (pO2).
• Equilibrium is when there is no net change and no dissipation of energy.
• Proximate cause questions are how did these develop?
• Ultimate cause questions are why are these changes helpful?
• Genotype is the genetic makeup.
• Ventilation decreases during breath holding.
• Negative feedback is involved in the regulation of breathing.
• Phenotypic plasticity is when a single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions.
• Life is a steady state process.
• Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment.
• Environmental factors might arrest the phenotype appearance determined by genotypes.
• Chemoreceptor activity increases during breath holding.