MLS2 Chapter3

• INFECTION is a condition that results when a microbe invades the body, multiplies, and causes injury or disease.
• Microbes that are pathogenic are called PATHOGENS
• NORMAL FLORA they can become pathogens if they enter and multiply i areas of the body where they do not normally exist.
• Communicable diseases are able to spread from person to person
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is charged with the investigation and control of various diseases, especially those that are communicable and have epidemic potential
• Endemic disease that belong to a particular are, people or country and can be commonly found there. E.g. dengue
• outbreak sudden increases in cases of disease in are beyond what is expected, or an infection in a new area
• Epidemic when an outbreak of a disease spreads rapidly and affects many people within a community, population or region, or the number of infected in an area is significantly higher than normal
• Pandemic when an epidemic of a disease has spread over multiple countries or continents and affects a large portion of the population
• Nosocomial infections the traditional term applied to patient infections acquired in hospitals
• Healthcare-associated infection a newer term that applies to infections acquired during healthcare delivery in all healthcare settings, including home care.
• Ebola virus extremely infectious hemorrhagic virus that origanted in west africa. Direct contact with blood and bodily fluids of an infected individual.
• Monkeypox virus a disease that first discovered in lab monkeys that is similar to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Close personal contact or direct with rash scabs or body fluids from an infected person. Indirect contact with items and surfces used by an infected person.
• Zika virus causes zika fever, which may have mild or no symptoms. However, it can spread to an unborn baby from an infected woman and cause severe birth defects such as microcephaly. Bite of an infected aedes mosquito such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus
• Antibiotic-resistant infections a core activity of the cdc is monitoring the magnitude, extent, and trends of antibiotic resistance.
• Three of the most common HAI pathogens that are well-established enemies in the antibiotic resistance fight are Clostridiodes difficile (C. diff), formerly called Clostridium difficile; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (staph) aureus (MRSA); and enterococcus
• C. diff is a type of intestinal bacteria that multiply when patients are treated with antibiotics
• MRSA is responsible for many types of HAIs, from skin, wound, and surgical site infections that can be fatal
• Enterococcus a genus gram-positive bacteria that are normally present in the digestive tract and female genital tract, where they do not pose a threat to healthy individuals
• Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria the newest challenge in antibiotic resistance in the healthcare setting. Some of these bacteria are resistant to almost all available treatments
• Carbapenems a family of gram-negative bacteria that are resistant to a class of drugs. They produce an enzyme that breaks down to drugs
• E. coli cause most urinary tract infections
• Klebsiella pneumonia cause many types of HAIs
• Acinetobacter baumannii responsible for many wound infection
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often the cause of bloodstream infections and pneumonia
• Chain of infection infection transmission requires the presence of certain components
• Infectious Agent also called as the causative agent, is the pathogen responsible for causing ingection
• Reservoir a place where the microbe can survive, grow, or multiply. Include humans, animals, food, water, soil and contaminated equipment and other items
• viability the ability of the microbe to survive or live on the object
• virulence the degree to which the microbe is capable of causing disease, and the amount of time that has passed since the item was contaminated
• Exit pathway is a way for an infectious agent to leave a reservoir host
• Means of transmission is the way of an infectious agent travels fro a reservoir to a susceptible individual
• Airbone transmission involves dispersal of infectious agents that can remain infective for long periods
• Contact transmission is the most common means of transmitting infection
• Direct contact transmission is the physical transfer to a susceptible host through close or intimate contact
• Indirect contact transmission can occur when a susceptible host touches contaminated objects
• Droplet transmission transfer of an infectious agent to the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose or conjunctiva of the eyes of a susceptible individual via infectious droplets
• Vector transmission is the transmission of an infectious agent through contaminated food, water, or drugs
• entry pathway is a way for an infectious agent to enter a susceptible host
• susceptible host is someone with a decreased ability to resist infection