Core organic chemistry

• Complete combustion


  combustion that occurs when there is plenty of oxygen; it produces carbon dioxide and water vapour
• Polarity


  A lack of electrical symmetry in a molecule. Charge differences on opposite ends of a structure.
• Free radical substitution


  initiation, propagation, termination
• Sigma bonds


  a single covalent bond that is formed when an electron pair is shared by the direct overlap of bonding orbitals
• Positional isomers


  same carbon arrangement but different hydrogen arrangement due to placement of double bonds
• Chain isomers


  Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton
• functional isomers

  same molecular formula but different functional groups
• Different types of isomers

  Functional, positional, chain
• structural isomers


  Same molecular formula but different structural formula
• Heterolytic fission


  The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms, forming a cation and an anion
• reaction mechanism


  the step-by-step sequence of reactions by which the overall chemical change occurs
• Hydrocarbons


  contain only carbon and hydrogen
• Alicyclic


  Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic
• Homologous series


  A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
• empirical formula


  a formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound
• structural formula


  indicates the kind, number, arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared pairs of the atoms in a molecule
• Curly arrow


  Shows the movement of an electron pair
• Homolytic fission


  The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.
• Saturated

  no double bonds
• Aliphatic


  Containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
• functional groups


  A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
• Skeletal formula


  the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
• General formula


  The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
• Radical


  an unpaired electron
• Bond fission


  Breaking a covalent bond
• Unsaturated


  double bonds
• aromatic compound


  an organic compound that contains the benzene ring structure and may have a pleasant or unpleasant odor and flavor
• alkyl group


  An alkane with a hydrogen atom removed
• molecular formula


  A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.
• Displayed formula

  A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.
• systematic name


  the official name based on well-established rules for a compound, which can be determined by examining its chemical structure
• Successive member


  A successive member of a homologous series differ from each other by a CH2 group.
• Sigma Bond

  Formed when 2 orbitals overlap head on, the bond is positioned on a line directly between the bonding atoms. They exist between the C-C and the H-C bonds.