3.5.3.3 Sociological Perspectives on Factors Affecting Criminal and Deviant Behaviour

• Match the sociological perspective with its key idea:

  Functionalism ↔️ Crime reinforces norms and values

  Marxism ↔️ Crime arises from economic inequality

  Interactionism ↔️ Crime is constructed through social labeling
• Functionalists believe that even crime and deviance play a role in maintaining social order
• Which prominent functionalist argued that a moderate level of crime is normal and necessary for society?

  Émile Durkheim
• Marxism views crime and deviance as arising from inequalities inherent in capitalist society
• Ordering the key functions of crime and deviance according to functionalism:

  1️⃣ Reinforcing Norms

  2️⃣ Promoting Social Change

  3️⃣ Providing Jobs
• Match the Marxist concept with its description:

  Economic Inequality ↔️ Disparities in wealth lead to frustration

  Alienation ↔️ Workers feel disconnected from labor

  Ruling Class Ideology ↔️ Laws protect the wealthy
• Economic inequality leads to frustration and resentment among the working class.
• Marxism contrasts with Functionalism, which views crime as serving a social function.
• Being labeled as a criminal can lead to negative stereotyping and social exclusion.
• What are the main perspectives in sociological analysis of crime and deviance?

  Functionalism, Marxism, Interactionism
• What is the central idea of functionalism in relation to crime and deviance?

  Crime maintains social order
• What is the focus of functionalism regarding crime and deviance?

  Social order and cohesion
• Each sociological perspective offers different insights into why individuals engage in criminal behavior.

  True
• Functionalism emphasizes the benefits of crime but acknowledges potential dysfunctions if crime levels are too high
• What is the central idea of Marxist theories regarding crime and deviance?

  Capitalist inequalities
• How does ruling class ideology contribute to differential enforcement of laws?

  Protects the wealthy
• What is the primary focus of social labeling in Interactionist theory?

  societal reactions
• Compared to Functionalism and Marxism, what does Interactionism emphasize about crime and deviance?

  Socially constructed nature
• Marxism believes that crime and deviance arise from economic inequalities inherent in capitalism.


  True
• Acts of deviance can lead to social change by challenging existing norms, as seen in the example of civil rights protests.


  True
• Functionalism acknowledges that excessive crime can lead to social chaos.


  True
• What role do economic inequalities play in Marxist theories of crime and deviance?

  They cause frustration
• How does economic inequality contribute to crime according to Marxism?

  Leads to frustration
• Order the primary focuses of Interactionism, Functionalism, and Marxism:

  1️⃣ Interactionism: Social Labeling, Stigma, Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

  2️⃣ Functionalism: Social Order and Cohesion

  3️⃣ Marxism: Economic Inequality and Power Dynamics
• Social control theories focus on how social structures and institutions prevent deviance.


  True
• What do rational choice theories emphasize in relation to crime?

  Offender's decision-making
• What is one key contrast between Functionalism and Marxism regarding crime?

  Functionalism views it positively, Marxism negatively
• Each sociological perspective provides different insights into why individuals engage in criminal behavior.


  True
• Match the function of crime with its description:

  Reinforcing Norms ↔️ Highlights boundaries of acceptable behavior

  Promoting Social Change ↔️ Challenges existing norms

  Providing Jobs ↔️ Creates employment in law enforcement
• Functionalism acknowledges that excessive crime levels can lead to social chaos.


  True
• What is the central idea of interactionism regarding crime and deviance?

  Social labeling and interactions
• Who argued that crime clarifies shared values and promotes social cohesion?

  Émile Durkheim
• What is one example of economic inequality leading to crime according to Marxist theory?

  Theft to survive
• Alienation, according to Marxist theory, refers to workers feeling disconnected from their labor and society.

  True
• Interactionist theories emphasize the subjective and socially constructed nature of crime and deviance.


  True
• Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when an individual internalizes a criminal label and acts accordingly.


  True
• Functionalism argues that crime and deviance reinforce social norms and maintain social cohesion.
• What is an example of how crime reinforces norms according to Functionalism?

  Condemning theft
• Émile Durkheim argued that a moderate level of crime is normal and necessary for societal health
• Durkheim believed that crime can promote social cohesion by uniting people against deviant behavior