BOTANY. FINALS

• All members of the Kingdom Protista are composed of eukaryotic cells.
• Protists can be single or multicellular, some occur as colonies or filaments, and some are coenocytic (multinucleate mass of cytoplasm).
• The size of Protists varies from microscopic to giants, with some species growing up to 75m in length.
• Some Protists are autotrophs (photosynthetic), some are heterotrophs (produce food through carbon fixation), some ingest their food, some can do both photosynthesis and ingest their food, and some absorb food in solution.
• The life cycle of Protists varies, but reproduction is generally by cell division and sexual processes.
• RHODOPHYTA produce food by photosynthesis, including chlorophyl a and c, and carotenoid (orange color).
• The cell walls of RHODOPHYTA are made up of cellulose and different types of carbohydrates.
• RHODOPHYTA reproduce asexually by monospores carried by water currents until germination.
• RHODOPHYTA also produces CARRAGENAN, a food additive used to stabilize chocolate milk, cosmetics and paints; provide thick creamy texture to ice creams and other soft processed food.
• RHODOPHYTA are multicellular eukaryotic algae that are mostly found in tropical marine locations.
• RHODOPHYTA produces polysaccharides, including AGAR which is used as a food thickener and culture medium.
• Most single-celled protists are motile (flagella), most multi-cellular protists are non-motile (though most can produce motile cells), and some species of both types are photosynthetic.
• RHODOPHYTA lack flagella (non-motile) and centrioles.
• RHODOPHYTA can grow in solid surfaces of tropical reefs or attaches to other algae.
• The Algae are a diverse group of predominantly aquatic photosynthetic organisms of the Kingdom Protista.
• The Algae are grouped into several major phyla based on their form of reproductive cells and combinations or pigment and food reserves.
• Euglenophyta are unicellular aquatic algae that produce food by photosynthesis (chlorophyll a and b), reproduce asexually by cell division, have a flexible outer covering (pellicle/periplast), can store paramylon (energy storage), and have two flagella (one is short).
• Pyrrophyta, also known as Fire algae or Dinoflagellates, are unicellular or colonial aquatic algae that produce food by photosynthesis (chlorophyl a and c, xanthophyll (red) and fucoxanthin (special yellow-brown carotenoid), reproduce asexually by cell division, are covered with cellulose plates impregnated with silica, store food as starch and oil, and have two flagella.
• Red tide is a phenomenon wherein the population of dinoflagellates rise exponentially causing the waters to become orange, red, or brown.
• Chlorophyta have a sheet-like body (Thallus).
• Chlorophyta may be unicellular, colonial, siphonous (tubular), or multicellular.
• Cell walls in Chlorophyta are made of cellulose and pectin.
• Chlorophyta produce food by photosynthesis, including chlorophyl a and c, and carotenoid (orange color).
• Red tides are most likely to occur in warm waters of late summer and early fall.
• Reproduction in Chlorophyta is highly variable.
• Multicellular algae reproduce asexually by production of spores, and sexually through the union of haploid gametophytes released from the spores.
• The occurrence of red tides is presumed to be caused by human-produced coastal pollution that may have provided nutrients to the dinoflagellates, leading to the deaths of several marine fauna and flora.
• Most Chlorophyta are flagellated but some are non-motile.
• Rockweed has two flagella on reproductive cells.
• Phaeophyta is a type of multicellular algae that grow mostly on tropical and subtropical waters.
• Rockweed contains vitamins and minerals, including iodine which can be made into antiseptics such as the Tincture of Iodine.
• Rockweed can grow on rocks.
• Multicellular algae produce food by photosynthesis, including chlorophyll a and c, and fucoxanthin, a special yellow-brown carotenoid.
• Food in Chlorophyta is stored as starch (pyrenoids).
• Spirogyra (water silk) grow as a unicellular green thread or filament.
• Rockweed produces Algin, which is used in making ice cream, lotion, and plastics.
• Kelp can grow more than 60m in length.
• Pyrrophyta is a type of multicellular algae that grow mostly on tropical and subtropical waters.