are found throughout the plant but are the only site of photosynthesis since they contain chloroplasts and palisade mesophyll.
Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells
provide plants with structural support.
- Observation
- Problem/Question
- Hypothesis
- Evaluation
- Analysis and Conclusions
- Share result
The scientific method
small + to examine
mikros "___" + skopein "___"
microscope
is an instrument designed to produce a magnified visual or photographic image of objects or organism that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Light Microscopes
are one of the most important tools in research and biology. Basically, it employs the principles of refracting and reflecting visible light to detect tiny objects.
Dissecting Microscopes
permit the viewing of opaque objects up to 30x its original size.
Eyepiece or Lens or Oculars
- used to view, magnify and produce images of opaque objects
Vertical Limb
- movable rods that holds the eyepiece
Stage Clips
- used to hold the specimen in place on the stage
Stage
- rectangular glass plate where the specimen is placed for observation
Adjustment Knob/Screw
- used to adjust the vertical limb up and down
Mirror
- reflects light rays to the stage where the specimen is observed
Stand
- attached to the foot or the base to provide support to other parts Foot or
Base
- basal part which holds the weight of the whole weight of the microscope
Compound Microscope utilize a two
-lens system (eye piece and objectives), a controllable illumination system, and a geared-focusing mechanism. Materials examined in this type of microscope required to be thinly slice for light to pass through and magnify the specimen up to 1500x its original size.
Base
- V or U shaped which supports the whole microscope
Arm
- connects the base to the body tube; serves as a handle when carrying the microscope
Stage
- platform that holds the slide; has an opening in the center which allows light to pass from the illuminating parts
Pillar
- area where the arm is attached
Stage Clips
- holds the slide containing the specimen firmly on the stage
Substage
- area below the stage which holds the condenser above and the diaphragm below
Body Tube
- cylinder that attached the draw tube to the microscope; acts as the passage of light from obiective to the eyepiece
Course Adjustment Knob
- upper, larger knobs for the slow movement of the body tube when focusing under the low power objective (LPO)
Fine Adiustment Knob
- for the slow movement of the body when focusing under the high-power objective (HPO) and other high power lenses
Revolving Nose Piece
- carries the objectives; can be turned to select the appropriate obiective lenses
Draw Tube
- smaller cylinder attached to the upper part of the body tube that holds the ocular
Mirror
- planar on one side and concave on the other
- used to reflect light and lenses of the eye concave side of the mirror is used for the natural light while the
- flat side is used for artificial light held by a mirror rack
Condenser
- located on a substage held in place by a rack used to condense or concentrate the light reflected from the mirror to the object or specimen being examined
Diaphragm
- situated above the condenser which controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen
Eyepiece/Ocular
- detachable cylinder located at the upper end of the tube which may have line inside that serves as a pointer and rotates as the ocular is rotated
Objectives
- has two or three obiectives attached to the revolving nosepiece
Scanner
- shortest cylinder with the largest opening has large lens for very low magnification used to observe much wider field of the object; marked with
"4x" Low Power Objective (LPO)
- shorter cylinder with a larger lens opening used to observe the general outline and locate various parts of a specimen focused using the course adjustment; 10x magnification