BOTANY EE

• - Botanikos (botanical)

  - Botane (plant or herb)

  - Boskein (to feed)

  Botany or Plant Biology comes from Greek word?
• botanique (botanical)


  Botany or Plant Biology comes from French word?
• - multi cellular, eukaryotic living thing

  - belong in kingdom plantae

  - can make their own food

  - has roots, stem, and leaves


  Plants can be defined in many ways
• Autotrophs


  Can make their own food
• Ground tissue


  Most of the interior of a plant.
• Parenchyma, Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells


  Types of ground tissue
• Parenchyma cells


  are found throughout the plant but are the only site of photosynthesis since they contain chloroplasts and palisade mesophyll.
• Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells

  provide plants with structural support.
• - Observation

  - Problem/Question

  - Hypothesis

  - Evaluation

  - Analysis and Conclusions

  - Share result

  The scientific method
• small + to examine

  mikros "___" + skopein "___"
• microscope


  is an instrument designed to produce a magnified visual or photographic image of objects or organism that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
• Light Microscopes


  are one of the most important tools in research and biology. Basically, it employs the principles of refracting and reflecting visible light to detect tiny objects.
• Dissecting Microscopes


  permit the viewing of opaque objects up to 30x its original size.
• Eyepiece or Lens or Oculars

  - used to view, magnify and produce images of opaque objects
• Vertical Limb


  - movable rods that holds the eyepiece
• Stage Clips


  - used to hold the specimen in place on the stage
• Stage


  - rectangular glass plate where the specimen is placed for observation
• Adjustment Knob/Screw


  - used to adjust the vertical limb up and down
• Mirror


  - reflects light rays to the stage where the specimen is observed
• Stand


  - attached to the foot or the base to provide support to other parts Foot or
• Base


  - basal part which holds the weight of the whole weight of the microscope
• Compound Microscope utilize a two

  -lens system (eye piece and objectives), a controllable illumination system, and a geared-focusing mechanism. Materials examined in this type of microscope required to be thinly slice for light to pass through and magnify the specimen up to 1500x its original size.
• Base


  - V or U shaped which supports the whole microscope
• Arm


  - connects the base to the body tube; serves as a handle when carrying the microscope
• Stage


  - platform that holds the slide; has an opening in the center which allows light to pass from the illuminating parts
• Pillar


  - area where the arm is attached
• Stage Clips


  - holds the slide containing the specimen firmly on the stage
• Substage


  - area below the stage which holds the condenser above and the diaphragm below
• Body Tube


  - cylinder that attached the draw tube to the microscope; acts as the passage of light from obiective to the eyepiece
• Course Adjustment Knob


  - upper, larger knobs for the slow movement of the body tube when focusing under the low power objective (LPO)
• Fine Adiustment Knob


  - for the slow movement of the body when focusing under the high-power objective (HPO) and other high power lenses
• Revolving Nose Piece


  - carries the objectives; can be turned to select the appropriate obiective lenses
• Draw Tube


  - smaller cylinder attached to the upper part of the body tube that holds the ocular
• Mirror


  - planar on one side and concave on the other

  - used to reflect light and lenses of the eye concave side of the mirror is used for the natural light while the

  - flat side is used for artificial light held by a mirror rack
• Condenser


  - located on a substage held in place by a rack used to condense or concentrate the light reflected from the mirror to the object or specimen being examined
• Diaphragm


  - situated above the condenser which controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen
• Eyepiece/Ocular


  - detachable cylinder located at the upper end of the tube which may have line inside that serves as a pointer and rotates as the ocular is rotated
• Objectives


  - has two or three obiectives attached to the revolving nosepiece
• Scanner


  - shortest cylinder with the largest opening has large lens for very low magnification used to observe much wider field of the object; marked with
• "4x" Low Power Objective (LPO)


  - shorter cylinder with a larger lens opening used to observe the general outline and locate various parts of a specimen focused using the course adjustment; 10x magnification