CYTOGEN

• Genetics is the study of heredity and variation.
• Heredity is the study of transmission of traits and biological information between generations.
• Variation is simply differences in genetic sequence.
• Genes are the unit of heredity and a segment of DNA carrying information.
• Morphological traits are physical characteristics such as height, weight, and eye color.
• Physiological traits are functions such as metabolic rate, blood pressure, and body temperature.
• Behavioral traits are actions such as aggression, fear, and social interaction.
• Genetic variation is variation seen within the genes; uniqueness of the gene in terms of quantity.
• Phenotypic variation is a physical manifestation of the genetic variation; appearance, behavior, and biological mechanisms.
• Mutations are changes in DNA caused by gene sequence mutated by external factors, such as in the course of time or abrupt moments like exposure to radiation.
• Gene Flow is the movement of genes from one population to another.
• Sex introduces new genetic combination that leads to genetic shuffling.
• Classical Genetics is based on Mendel's first and second laws.
• Molecular Genetics is based on the Central Dogma of Molecular.
• Evolutionary Genetics is based on the theory of Natural Selection proposed by Darwin.
• Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that genes are located on the chromosomes during drosophila in 1918.
• R.A. Fisher began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component in 1926.
• William Bateson discovered the linkage between genes and coined the term “genetics” in 1904.
• Hermann J.
• Archibald Garrod discovered the alkaptonuria, a human disease, has a genetic basis in 1902.
• Gregor Mendel published experiments in plant hybridization which lays out the basic theory of genetics in 1866, but it was widely ignored until 1900.
• Ernst Haeckel's experiments proved that the genetic material is located in the nucleus in 1871.
• Hermann J. Muller discovered the role of genetics in cancer in 1926.
• A year after, together with Reginald, Punnet, Bateson discovered the science of genetic linkage and coined the term “epistasis” to describe the interaction between two different traits in 1910.
• Walter Sutton hypothesized that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis led to the discovery that genes are located on chromosomes in 1903.
• Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich Von Tschermak rediscovered Mendel’s work in 1900.
• Wilhelm Johannsen coined “gene” in 1904.
• Friedrich Miescher isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells in 1871.
• Muller demonstrated that x-rays induce mutations in 1944.
• Kary Mullis invented the process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in 1983, a technique that amplifies a segment of the DNA until millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time.
• The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 with the goal to sequence and map the genome of man.
• Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combined DNA from two different species in vitro, then transformed it into bacterial cells, marking the first DNA cloning in 1977.
• Avery, Macleod, and McCarty showed in 1944 that DNA can transform bacteria, demonstrating that DNA is the hereditary material.
• Reverse transcriptase, an enzyme found in retroviruses, was discovered in 1970 and used in cloning genes.
• The sequence of the entire human genome was announced in 2003.
• Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell successfully cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell.
• Marshall Nirenberg solved the genetic code in 1966, showing that 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid.
• Paul Berg was the first to create a recombinant DNA molecule in 1972.
• Frederick Sanger introduced the process of sequencing the genome of a bacteriophage in 1977, a process later done in other organisms as well.
• James Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953, which led to the knowledge of how it replicates.