1.3.2 Covalent Bonding: Formation and Properties

• The positive nuclei in atoms are attracted to the shared negative charge created by electrons in a covalent bond.

  True
• What is the name of the third type of covalent bond shown in the image?

  Triple bond
• What are the three circles in the image labeled?

  • The three circles are labeled O, C, and O.
• What do the red dots around the circles represent?

  Some type of additional symbols or elements
• What does the attraction between positive nuclei and shared electrons result in during covalent bond formation?

  A stable molecule
• What information or relationship might this Venn diagram be representing?

  • The Venn diagram could be representing some type of set theory or logical relationship between the elements or symbols within the three circles.
• What is the name of the first type of covalent bond shown in the image?

  Single bond
• If the three circles represent sets, what type of relationship do they have based on the overlapping pattern?

  Intersecting sets
• What mathematical or logical concept might this Venn diagram be illustrating?

  Set theory or Boolean logic
• Steps in the formation of a covalent bond

  1️⃣ Atoms share electrons to complete outer shells

  2️⃣ Electrons create overlapping clouds between atoms

  3️⃣ Positive nuclei are attracted to the shared negative charge

  4️⃣ Atoms are pulled together into a stable molecule
• Which part of an atom is involved in the formation of covalent bonds?

  Outer shells
• What physical states can covalent compounds exist in at room temperature?

  Solid, liquid, or gas
• How are the three circles arranged in the Venn diagram?

  • The three circles are arranged in an overlapping pattern, with the middle circle (C) overlapping the two outer circles (O).
• What is an example of a compound with a normal covalent bond?

  H₂O
• What do the X's and O's represent in the Venn diagram?

  • The X's and O's represent some type of symbols or elements within the circles.
• What is covalent bonding?

  Sharing electrons to bond atoms
• What are the characteristics of a double covalent bond?

  • Formed by the sharing of 4 electrons between atoms
  • Stronger than a single bond
  • Found in molecules like O=O-O2 (oxygen)
• What molecule is the single bond shown in the image found in?

  Chlorine molecule
• What molecule is the double bond shown in the image found in?

  Oxygen molecule
• How many circles are in the Venn diagram?

  3
• A double bond is stronger than a single bond because more electrons are shared.


  True
• Steps involved in the formation of a covalent bond

  1️⃣ Atoms come close

  2️⃣ Electrons are shared

  3️⃣ Overlap of electron clouds

  4️⃣ Stable molecules form
• What molecule is the triple bond shown in the image found in?

  Nitrogen molecule
• Which ion features a coordinate covalent bond?

  NH₄⁺
• Why is a triple bond stronger than a double bond?

  More electron pairs shared
• Match the bond type with the number of shared electron pairs:

  Single ↔️ 1

  Double ↔️ 2

  Triple ↔️ 3
• What are the key features of covalent compounds?

  • Formed by sharing of electrons between atoms
  • Atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds
  • Typically have low melting and boiling points
  • Good insulators of heat and electricity
• Why are covalent compounds usually poor conductors of electricity?

  Electrons are not free
• What happens to electrons during the formation of a covalent bond?

  They are shared
• Name three common examples of covalent compounds.

  Ammonia, water, hydrogen gas
• How do the strengths of the three types of covalent bonds compare?

  • Single bond is the weakest
  • Double bond is stronger than single
  • Triple bond is the strongest
• The nitrogen in NH₄⁺ provides all the electrons for the coordinate covalent bond.


  True
• In coordinate covalent bonds, each atom contributes one electron to the shared pair.

  False
• What is the chemical formula for water?

  H2O
• Covalent compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong intermolecular forces.

  False
• What is the name of the second type of covalent bond shown in the image?

  Double bond
• What is the chemical formula for hydrogen?

  H2
• What is the chemical formula for ammonia?

  NH3
• The shared electrons in covalent bonding create an overlapping electron cloud.


  True
• What are the characteristics of a triple covalent bond?

  • Formed by the sharing of 6 electrons between atoms
  • Strongest type of covalent bond
  • Found in molecules like N≡N-N2 (nitrogen)