Causation

• What is required for a chain of causation to exist?

  Defendant's conduct must connect to the outcome
• What must not break the chain of causation?

  No novus actus interveniens
• What two types of causation must be established?

  Factual causation and legal causation
• What does factual causation establish?

  Defendant's actions caused the harm
• What is the "but for" test used for?

  To determine if the defendant's act caused harm
• If the victim would not have suffered harm but for the defendant's actions, what does this imply?

  Factual causation is established
• What must the prosecution prove after establishing factual causation?

  Legal causation must be proven
• What does legal causation require regarding the defendant's actions?

  Must make a significant contribution to the result
• What case established the substantial cause requirement?

  Cheshire
• What does the case of Kimsey illustrate about legal causation?

  It must be more than trivial
• What is the de minimis rule in legal causation?

  Must be more than trivial
• What does the Smith case illustrate about operative cause?

  Does not have to be the main cause
• What does the Jordan case highlight regarding medical treatment?

  Palpably wrong medical treatment can break causation
• What does the Malcharek case emphasize about causation?

  Unbroken chain of causation is necessary
• What is the significance of the victim's own actions in causation?

  They can be foreseeable or daft
• Which case illustrates foreseeable actions of the victim?

  Roberts
• Which case illustrates daftness in the victim's actions?

  Williams
• What does the Thin Skull Rule state?

  Take your victim as you find them
• Which case established the Thin Skull Rule?

  Blaue
• What is transferred malice?

  Intent can transfer from one victim to another
• Which case illustrates transferred malice?

  Mitchell