Shown by a population pyramid. The number of males and females in different age groups – population structure. Infant mortality – fallen from 129 per 1000 births in 1970s to 28.3 per 1000 today. Birth rate – fell from 45 per 1000 people in 1961 to 18.3 per 1000 today. Fertility rate – declining rapidly, 5.2 in 1971, 2.2 in 2018, 1952 introduced a government-backed family planning programme. Maternal Mortality – fallen from 560 per 1000 in 1990 to 145 per 100,000 in 2017. Life expectancy – improved from 50 in 1970 to 69 today.