India

• Services

  Are tertiary

  Industry is secondary

  Agriculture is primary

  Decline in agriculture contribution from 37.2% to 14.5% between 1946 and 2014

  Small change in manufactory industry from 16.9% to 18.4% between 1950-1967

  Rapid increase in services from 45% to 59% between 1998-2014
• GDP began to steadily grow from 1950.

  1950 – 1990 slow increase, 1990-2010 rapid growth India’s economy has grown an average of 7% for the last two decades

  GDP has risen faster rate than its population

  GDP per capita also increased

  GNI per capita has increased
• Mini fact file:

  Length of international borders it shares (km) –

  15,200

  7,500

  Land area of India (km2) –

  3.3 million

  Population –

  1.4 billion

  Independence from Britian –

  1947

  Capital city –

  New Delhi
• Top-down: expensive, large scale, doesn't consider local opinion, often involves borrowed money and debt, example of building is a dam
• Bottom-up: cheap, small-scale, charity funds, intermediate technology, involves locals, example is a water pump
• India’s economy is predicted to be the largest in the world by 2050.

  Has grown by 7% per year.

  Economy has almost quadrupled in size since 1997.
• “Describe the geographical location of an emerging country you have studied (3)”.

  India’s geographical is located in South Asia. It is by the Indian Ocean and has the Arabian sea to the West and Bay of Bengal to the East. It is in the Northen hemisphere and borders many countries such as Nepal, China and Pakistan
• GNI (Gross National Income) - The sum of a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) plus income received from overseas
• Economic sectors - a nation's economy can be divided into sectors; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
• GDP - The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. (Per capita means per person)
• FDI - an investment made by a company or organisation based in one country, into a company or organisation based in another country
• Trade - buying and selling commodities by exporting (selling to other countries) and importing (buying from other countries)
• GDP. GDP began to steadily grow from 1950. 1950-90 slow increase. 1990-2010 rapid increase. India's economy has grown an average of 7% for the last 20 years. GDP has risen faster than its population. GNI increased
• GNI - more than doubled between 1006-1014. trade increase
• Gross national income, abbreviated as GNI, is the sum of incomes of residents of an economy in a given period
• Primary Sector - raw materials. Secondary Sector - manufacturing. Tertiary Sector - services. Quaternary Sector - knowledge.
• Decline in agricultural contribution from 37.2% to 14.5% between 1946 and 2014. Small change in manufactory from 16.9% to 18.4% between 1950-1967. Rapid increase in serviced from 45% to 59% between 1998-2014
• 1990 exports - low value manufactured goods, clothing, primary products, tea
• 1990 imports - manufactured goods, machinery
• 2015 exports - high value manufactured goods, machines
• 2015 imports - crude oil for industry and transport
• FDI: Foreign direct investment. Increased since 2000. Invented investment into all 3 sectors. In 2020 India was the 3rd highest recipient of FDI after the USA and China. Indian companies (TNCs) are increasing abroad investment. Gap between inward and outward FDI is closing
• Tied aid - money or technical help from one country to another where something is expected in return
• Multi-lateral aid: Money or technical help given by IGOs, World Bank
• Infrastructure - structures and facilities (buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society
• TNCs (Transnational corporations - companies that operate in multiple countries (McDonalds, Pepsi, Nike etc.)
• Outsourcing - TNCs shifting some of their factories/offices to cheaper locations (BT, Vodaphone)
• Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasing interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange
• India attracts foreign direct investments from transnational companies for several reasons:

  Increasingly skilled labour force with low wages

  Large population and rising incomes

  Large and well-educated English speaking work force

  Development in trade, transport and communication

  Government incentives such as tax exemptions
• India became an emerging economy in the 1990’s when the government introduced economic reforms
• Shown by a population pyramid. The number of males and females in different age groups – population structure. Infant mortality – fallen from 129 per 1000 births in 1970s to 28.3 per 1000 today. Birth rate – fell from 45 per 1000 people in 1961 to 18.3 per 1000 today. Fertility rate – declining rapidly, 5.2 in 1971, 2.2 in 2018, 1952 introduced a government-backed family planning programme. Maternal Mortality – fallen from 560 per 1000 in 1990 to 145 per 100,000 in 2017. Life expectancy – improved from 50 in 1970 to 69 today.

  
• An area that has a high level of economic growth – core region
• The movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities – rural-urban migration
• An area of region outside the area that has a high level of economic growth. The area with a lower level of growth – periphery region
• The increase in the percentage of people living in towns and cities in urban areas – urbanisation.
• Decline in death rate because:

  Improved treatment of diseases

  Improved medical care

  Change in people’s personal care/hygiene habits
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  Change in fertility rate because:

  Woman’s access to education/employment opportunities improved

  Improved family planning

  Availability of contraception
• Changing international relations. Cost (disadvantages) - tensions between countries who are also trying to develop. (India, China). Tension as India may grow and become more powerful than another country if help is given
• Changing international relations benefits: better trade and income. continued development, better change of accomplishing goals (climate change
• FDI (TNCs) Costs - greater economic development means more TNCs which lead to water/air/noise pollution, affects local businesses, TNCs can also leave any time halting development and increasing unemployment