Dental Public Health 3 (LEC)

• • Small cavities
  • Accessible to hand instruments


  Indication of GLASS IONOMER as RESTORATIVE MATERIAL
• • 5 years for primary teeth
  • 12, 15, 35 - 44, and 65 - 74 years for permanent teeth


  What are the index ages and age groups recommended for population survey?
• • Where it is practical and feasible, children should be examined between their 5th and 6th birthdays.
  • This age is of interest in relation to levels of caries in the primary dentition which may exhibit changes over a shorter time span than the permanent dentition at other index ages.


  5 years
• • This age is especially important, as it is generally the age at which children leave primary school, and therefore in many countries, is the last age at which are liable sample may be obtained easily through the school system
  • Also, it is likely at this age that all permanent teeth, except third molars, will have erupted.
  • For these reasons,12 years has been chosen as the global monitoring age for caries for international comparisons and monitoring of disease trends.


  12 years
• • Mean = 40 years for health conditions of adults.
  • The full effect of dental caries, the level of severe periodontal involvement, and general effects of care provided can be monitored using data for this age group.


  35 - 44 YEARS
• • Mean = 70 years
  • This age group has become more important with the changes in age distribution and increases in life-span that are now occurring in all countries.
  • Data for this group are needed both for planning appropriate care for the elderly or oral care services in a population.


  65 - 74 years
• • Can be either pilot or national
  • depending on the number and type of sampling sites and the age groups included.


  PATHFINDER SURVEYS
• • stratified cluster sampling technique
  • aims to include the most important population subgroups likely to have different disease levels.


  pathfinder survey method
• • suitable for obtaining the following information
  • Overall prevalence of the major oral diseases and conditions affecting the population.
  • Variations in disease levels and severity in subgroups of the population. This enables identification of groups with special intervention needs.
  • Age profiles of oral diseases in the population to enable assessment of need for intervention in different age groups, to provide information about severity and progression of disease, and to assess whether the levels of diseases are increasing or decreasing.


  pathfinder survey method
• Includes only the most important subgroups in the population and only one or two index ages, usually 12 and one other age group.


  Pilot
• Incorporates sufficient examination sites to coverall important subgroups of the population that may have differing disease levels of treatment needs ,and at least three of the age groups or index ages.


  National
• • Mouth mirrors
  • Explorer
  • Cotton plier
  • Spoon excavators
  • Hatchets or hoes
  • Carvers


  The only hand instruments needed to perform Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Technique
• • Tanzania in the mid 1980s
  • Followed by several community field trials conducted in Thailand, Zimbabwe, and Pakistan in 1991 , 1993 and 1995 respectively.


  Where was Community Field Studies of Atraumatic Restorative Treatment Technique Pioneered?
• Procedure for treating a carious tooth

  1. Keep the area around the carious tooth dry by placing cotton rolls

  2. Widen the cavity entrance using the hatchet or hoe

  3. Use the excavator to remove the caries

  4. Remove all the caries and keep the cavity clean and dry
• Glass ionomer filling material

  Consists of powder and liquid that is mixed on a glass slab or a mixing pad
• Mixing the glass ionomer filling material

  1. Mixing is completed in 20-30 seconds or depending on the manufacturer's direction

  2. The mixture is inserted to the cavity with the flat end of the carver

  3. The cavity is overfilled to include remaining pits and fissures

  4. The excess material is being removed with a carver
• The patient is not allowed to eat for at least 1 hour after the procedure
• No anesthesia is used and no dental drills are needed during the whole procedure.
• 1. The area around the carious tooth to be treated is kept dry by placing cotton rolls
  2. The cavity entrance is widened using the hatchet or hoe
  3. Excavator is used to remove the caries
• It also advises on appropriate numbers of subjects in specific index age groups in any location, in this way, reliable and clinically relevant information for surveillance can be obtained at minimal expense.


  Pathfinder surveys