Cognitive Interview

• Who produced the cognitive interview technique?

  Fisher and Geiselman
• What is the main purpose of the cognitive interview?

  To improve eyewitness testimony accuracy
• What are the techniques used in the cognitive interview based on?

  Psychological insights into memory
• What are the key components of the cognitive interview?

  • Reinstate the context
  • Reverse the order
  • Change the perspective
  • Report everything
• What does "reinstate the context" involve in the cognitive interview?

  Imagining the original crime scene and emotions
• Why is reversing the order of events important in the cognitive interview?

  It prevents reporting expectations instead of facts
• How does changing the perspective help in the cognitive interview?

  It disrupts expectations and schema effects
• What does "report everything" encourage witnesses to do?

  Include all details, even if trivial
• Why is retrieval important in the cognitive interview?

  It enhances memory accuracy through context
• How does the cognitive interview reduce the use of leading questions?

  It avoids asking out-of-context questions
• What additional elements did Fisher develop for the enhanced cognitive interview?

  Focus on social dynamics of interaction
• What is one technique included in the enhanced cognitive interview to help witnesses?

  Minimizing distractions during the interview
• Why is reducing eyewitness anxiety important in the enhanced cognitive interview?

  It helps witnesses recall information more accurately
• What role does eye contact play in the enhanced cognitive interview?

  Establishing and relinquishing it appropriately
• What type of questions does the enhanced cognitive interview encourage?

  Open-ended questions
• What is a limitation of the interview process?

  It is time-consuming
• Why does the cognitive interview take longer than standard police interviews?

  More time is needed to establish rapport
• What is a limitation of the cognitive interview regarding police training?

  Many police forces provide limited training hours
• How can the cognitive interview benefit wider society?

  It improves eyewitness testimony accuracy
• What did Milne and Bull (2002) find about individual techniques in the cognitive interview?

  Each technique produced more information than standard interviews
• Which combination of techniques produced the best recall according to Milne and Bull?

  Report everything and context reinstatement
• Why is the combination of techniques in the cognitive interview considered a strength?

  It enhances the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
• What did Kohnken et al's meta-analysis reveal about the enhanced cognitive interview?

  It provided more correct information than standard interviews
• What is a benefit of using a meta-analysis in research according to the study material?

  It uses secondary data, avoiding new trauma
• What is a limitation of using a meta-analysis in research?

  Researchers cannot control all variables
• What is a potential downside of the cognitive interview techniques?

  They may increase recall of incorrect information
• What percentage increase of correct information did Kohnken et al find with the enhanced cognitive interview?

  81%
• What percentage increase of incorrect information was found with the enhanced cognitive interview?

  61%
• Why is the increase in false positives a limitation of the cognitive interview?

  It reduces the reliability of eyewitness accounts
• What is the 'pick and mix' approach in police forces regarding cognitive interview techniques?

  It allows flexibility in developing individual approaches
• What is a strength of the 'pick and mix' approach in cognitive interviews?

  It recognizes individual differences in interviewers
• What is a limitation of the 'pick and mix' approach in research studies?

  It complicates comparisons of effectiveness