relationships and processes within schools

• hidden curriculum sets social norms and values
• hidden curriculum is a set of key skills needed in adult life
• labelling theory is when teachers will stereotype the characterises of a person and treat them accordingly
• labelling creates a self fulfilling prophesy as pupils will internalise labels
• gilbourne and yodell (2000) suggested that teachers labeled students based on ethnicity, gender and class
• pupils from higher classes, with parents from more professional backgrounds, are mote likely to go on to further education
• w/c children are more likely to take on vocational education
• keddie and becker (1971) discovered the halo effect where teachers stereotype children on the ideal pupil
• woods (1983) said that non conformist reactions are more likely to come from the working class
• material deprivation - economic poverty effects low achievement in schools
• Rowntree Foundation 1997 - 1/10 children lived in poverty
• Halsey (1980) lack of financial support reduced academic success
• Douglas (1964) said that children in unsatisfactory living conditions did not succeed
• Douglas (1964) said that levels of parental interest in education was the biggest indicator of educational sucess
• some children may not have outside educational awareness such as museum visits, books or encouragement
• cultural capital is the knowledge and skills that are associated with social class and are passed on from parents to children
• cultural capital is the social assets of a person that promote social mobility in a stratified society
• examples of cultural capital - education ,style of speech, style of dress
• teaching is organised through setting, streaming and mixed ability
• streaming is where pupils are split into different groups based on ability and they will remain the same for each subject
• setting is where pupils are sorted into classes based on ability, but it changes for classes
• setting and streaming allow children to work at their own pace and level
• streaming cannot target all students in all subjects
• polarisation in education is when pupils respond to streaming by one of two opposite 'poles' or extremes of either pro-school or anti-school subculture
• some students often form subcultures within schools in order to combat the internal factors which group pupils
• subcultures are a group of people who share ideas and behaviour patterns, wither to conform to positive or negative labelling
• subcultures will often differ from mainstream culture
• cultural capital from middle class parents may allow pupils a better chance of success as their parents will have a better understanding of the working of the education system
• some styles of parenting will emphasise the importance of education, which is regardless of class
• ball (1981) said that setting and streaming can cause negative labelling, which increased the achievement gap
• Lacey (1970) conducted an experiment in a middle class grammar school which suggested negative streaming caused anti-school subcultures
• Willis (1970) sais that boys were more likely to rebel as they accepted they did not succeed in education and were likely to go into manual labour
• Willis' theory supports that of role allocation
• Halsey (1980) said that the main factor affecting the success of the working class was financial aid
• Sugarmann (1970) said that children from manual backgrounds have immediate gratification and those from non manual backgrounds have deferred gratification (academic success)
• Hyman (1967) sais that the values of the working class are a self imposed barrier to improving social status
• Bernstein (1970) suggested that the working class had restricted code and were not comfortable with academic language, meaning they were less likely to succeed in education
• Bernstein (1970) said that the middle class had elaborated code, which is encouraged by the education system
• bourdieu (1971) said that the middle class have an advantage due to cultural capital (language, skills and attitudes)
• rist (1970) said that the socio economic status of of children links to their educational achievement