Biochemistry

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Cards (67)

  • Protein folding involves hydrogen bonds between amino acids, disulfide bridges (covalent), ionic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions.
  • A membrane is collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer
  • Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer
    Are often transmembrane proteins, completely spanning in the membrane
  • Six major functions of proteins: transport, structural support, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, and cell-cell recognition.
  • Integral protein: A protein that is embedded in the membrane of the cell.
  • Integral proteins are proteins that are embedded in the membrane and are not easily removed
  • The type of hydrocarbon tails in phospholipid determines the type of membrane
  • Saturated fatty acids have a single carbon-carbon double bond.
  • Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonded carbon atoms
  • Trans oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid that is found in olive oil.
  • The steroid cholesterol has different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures.
    • Reduces phospholipid movement
    • Hinders solidification at low temperatures
  • According to spatial relationship of protein domains to the lipid bilayer, plasma membrane proteins fall into six categories: Type 1 and 2, which have only one transmembrane helix, the amino terminal domain is outside the cell in type 1 proteins and inside in type 2; Type 3, which have multiple transmembrane helices in a single polypeptide; Type 4, which have several transmembrane domains from different polypeptide chains to form a channel through the membrane; Type 5, which are held to the bilayer primarily by covalently linked lipid; and Type 6, which have both transmembrane helices and lip
  • The role of membrane carbohydrates in cell-cell recognition
    • Is the ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another
  • The role of membrane carbohydrates in cell-cell recognition:
    Membrane carbohydrates- interact with the surface molecules of other cells, facilitating cell-cell recognition
  • Solute transport across membrane are passive, active transport and bulk transport.
  • 3 types of passive transport: facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and simple diffusion.
  • Factors affecting diffusion: Temperature, pressure, solvent density, concentration gradient, and solute solubility.
  • Hypotonic solution: little solute, lots of water
  • Hypertonic solution: lots of solute, little water
  • 3 types of solutions: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.
  • Hypotonic solution has higher concentration of water outside than inside the cell, causing the cell to shrink.
  • Hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of water inside the cell than outside the cell causing the cell to shrink.
  • Isotonic solution is a solution that has the same solute concentration as the extracellular fluid.
  • : Cell structure: The basic structure of a cell, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
  • Levels of structural organization: Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
  • 4 biomolecules are: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
  • Phospholipid bilayer is a phospholipid bilayer that is permeable to water and polar molecule.
  • Hydrophilic: having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
  • Hydrophobic: tending to repel or fail to mix with water.
  • Selectively permeable membrane: A membrane that allows some substances to pass through it but not others.
  • Flow of biological information: DNA -> RNA -> Protein -> Cellular function.
  • Polymers are giant molecules made up of many monomers joined together.
  • Examples of polymers are DNA, proteins, and starch.
  • Cell link monomers by a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis
  • Cells break down macromolecules by a process called hydrolysis.
  • Monosaccharides are called simple sugars
  • Isomer: each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.
  • Disaccharides is a double sugar. It includes sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
  • Polysaccharides are composed of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and a cell membrane.