CLIN CHEM LEC

• Laboratory Safety and Patient Preparation are crucial aspects of Medical Laboratory Science, particularly in Clinical Chemistry.
• The first lesson in Clinical Chemistry focuses on identifying the safety equipment and personal safety equipment that must be found in the clinical laboratory.
• The second lesson in Clinical Chemistry involves classifying the potential clinical laboratory work hazards.
• Laboratory safety practices and proper waste disposal are discussed in the third lesson in Clinical Chemistry.
• Guidelines on the acceptability of blood samples submitted to Clinical Laboratory are established in the fourth lesson in Clinical Chemistry.
• The duties of medical laboratory scientists with regards to proper specimen collection, processing, and handling are identified in the fifth lesson in Clinical Chemistry.
• The pre-analytical variables that may affect laboratory analyses and effects on test results are identified in the sixth lesson in Clinical Chemistry.
• Laboratory Safety and Regulation are crucial aspects of Medical Laboratory Science, particularly in Clinical Chemistry.
• Public Law 91-596, enacted by the US Congress in 1970, aims to provide all employees with a safe work environment.
• OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) conducts inspections and accreditation.
• Glucose, lipids and catecholamines may show variation due to postabsorptive hormonal effects.
• Mechanical Hazard is a type of physical hazard that involves radiation, compressed gases, cryogenic materials, and ergonomic hazards.
• Basal state collection: glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and electrolytes
• Vigorous hand exercise (fist clenching) increases potassium, lactate and phosphate.
• High protein, low carbohydrate diets can increase ketones in urine.
• Physical Hazards include Centrifugation lapses, Lab glassware, and Liquid Nitrogen.
• High protein diet can increase urea.
• Exercise causes volume shifts between the vascular and interstitial compartments, volume loss by sweating and changes in hormone concentrations.
• Pre-analytical Variables/ Factors contributing to the variation of results include exercise, fasting, diet, posture and position, tourniquet application, tobacco smoking, alcohol ingestion, stress (anxiety), drugs, and exercise.
• Long-term increased in CPK, AST, LD and aldolase.
• Fasting NPO is required for certain tests such as FBS, GTT, TAG, Lipid Profile test, gastrin and insulin.
• Fat-rich food can increase potassium, ALP, TAG, and 5-HIAA.
• Ergonomic Hazard is a type of mechanical hazard that involves strain disorders, contributing factors include posture/position, applied force, and frequency of repetition.
• Decreased plasma levels of FSH and LH in long distance athletes.
• Increased prolactin, testosterone and leutenizing hormone (LH)
• Transient increased in lactate, fatty acid, ammonia.
• Compressed Gases are hazardous because of the high pressures inside the cylinders.
• Serotonin-rich food (banana, pineapple, tomato, and avocado) can increase the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA.
• Cryogenic Material is hazardous because of its low temperature.
• Radiation Hazard is a type of physical hazard that involves ionizing radiation, which can damage living tissue in the human body.
• Elevated levels of proteins in urine (proteinuria)
• Tobacco smoking can increase the level of urate, triglycerides, and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT).
• Stress (anxiety) can affect adrenal hormone secretion, increasing catecholamines, cortisol, ACTH, prolactin, insulin, albumin, glucose, and lactate.
• Changing from supine to sitting or standing position can increase levels of albumin, enzymes and calcium.
• Prolonged standing for more than 30 minutes can increase potassium.
• Posture and position can affect laboratory results.
• Caffeine increases concentrations of glucose; it promotes the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and brain tissue.
• Opiates can cause increases in liver and pancreatic enzymes.
• Drugs can also be affected by gender, with increased levels in males: Albumin, ALP, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, BUN, and decreased levels in females: HDL, iron and cholesterol.
• Drugs can also be affected by age, with increased levels in older individuals: albumin, Alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and phosphorus.