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• Descriptive research is exploratory in nature and is used to answer questions such as who, what, where, when, and how much.
• Correlational research is used to establish an association between variables and determines if the variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases.
• Ex Post Facto research measures a cause from a preexisting effect, and the researcher has no control over the variables in the research study.
• Quasi-Experimental research measures the causal relationship between variables, and the participants are established according to characteristics needed, not randomly assigned.
• Experimental research is a procedure of gathering data under a controlled or manipulated environment, and participants are randomly assigned into treatment and control group.
• Population refers to the totality of all participants in a research study.
• Parameter refers to the numerical characteristics of the population in a research study.
• Sample is a subset of the population in a research study.
• Statistic is a numerical characteristic of the sample in a research study.
• Probability Sampling is a method where all members of the population are given a chance of being selected, also known as randomly assigned.
• Simple Random Sampling is a method where the population is given an equal chance to be selected as respondents.
• Stratified Random Sampling is a method where the population is first divided into different strata then the sampling follows, with the aim of obtaining the sample size per strata, then simple random sampling is done.
• Cluster Sampling is a method used in large-scale studies in which the population is geographically spread out.
• Systematic Sampling is a method where every nth element of the population is selected, often referred to as an interval.