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• Probability Sampling is a method where all members of the population are given a chance of being selected, also known as randomly assigned.
• Simple Random Sampling is a method where the population is given an equal chance to be selected as respondents.
• Systematic Sampling is a method where every nth element of the population is selected, often referred to as an interval.
• Cluster Sampling — used in large-scale studies in which the population is geographically spread out.
• Stratified Random Sampling — population is first divided into different strata then the sampling follows.Thereafter, obtaining the sample size per strata, then simple random sampling will be done.
• Face validity — involves an analysis of whether the instrument is using a valid scale.
• ● Content Validity — the questions to see whether they are able to elicit the necessary information.
• ● Construct Validity — whether the test corresponds to its theoretical construct.
• ● Criterion-related validity — type of validity is an expression of how scores from the test are correlated with an external criterion.
• Descriptive research is exploratory in nature and is used to answer questions such as who, what, where, when, and how much.
• Correlational research is used to establish an association between variables and determine if the variable increases or decreases as another variable increases or decreases.
• Ex Post Facto research measures a cause from a preexisting effect and the researcher has no control over the variables in the research study.
• Quasi-Experimental research measures the causal relationship between variables and the participants are established according to characteristics needed, not randomly assigned.
• Experimental research is a procedure of gathering data under a controlled or manipulated environment and participants are randomly assigned into treatment and control group.
• Population refers to the totality of all participants in a study.
• Parameter refers to the numerical characteristics of the population.
• Sample is a subset of the population.
• Statistic refers to the numerical characteristic of the sample.
• Sampling is the systematic process of selecting the group to be analyzed.
• Slovin’s Formula is used to compute sample size.
• Probability Sampling is a type of sampling in which all members of the population are given a chance of being selected, randomly assigned.
• Simple Random Sampling is a type of sampling where the population is given an equal chance to be selected as respondents.
• Scales commonly used in an instrument include Likert scale and Semantic differential scale.
• Median in a distribution is the middlemost value below or above which is exactly 50% of cases that are found.
• Semi-structured interviews allow for additional data to be gathered from a respondent to add depth and significance to the findings.
• Validity in an instrument is its ability to measure what it intends to measure, which includes Face validity, Content Validity, Construct Validity, and Criterion-related validity.
• Mean in a distribution is the exact mathematical center of a distribution.
• Mode in a distribution refers to the most frequently occurring score.
• Structured interviews use a researcher-utilized tool— checklist, which contains expected behaviors.
• Measure of Central tendencies indicates where the center of the distribution tends to be located, which refers to the typical or average score in a distribution.
• Unstructured interviews are observations without any preconceived ideas about what will be observed.
• Types of questions include Yes or No type, Recognition type, Completion type, Coding type, and Subjective type.
• Reliability in an instrument is its consistency of results, which includes Internal consistency, Split half, Measure of Central tendencies, and Measure of Variability.
• An observation instrument used in an observation is called the observation guide/ observation checklist.
• Stratified Random Sampling is a type of sampling where the population is first divided into different strata and then the sampling follows, with the sample size per strata determined beforehand, then simple random sampling is done.
• Cluster Sampling is a type of sampling used in large-scale studies in which the population is geographically spread out.
• Systematic Sampling is a type of sampling where every nth element of the population is selected, by interval.
• Non-probability Sampling is a process of selecting in which the members of the entire population do not have an equal chance of being selected as samples, not randomly assigned.
• Convenience Sampling is a type of non-probability sampling, also called accidental or incidental sampling, and depends on the availability of possible respondents.
• Quota Sampling is a type of stratified sampling in which the population is divided into homogenous strata and then sample elements are selected from each stratum.