BIO22 WEEK 1

• Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
• Offspring are the young born of living organisms.
• Heredity is the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from parent to offspring.
• A trait is any genetically determined characteristic expressed by genes and/or influenced by the environment.
• A hybrid is the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties.
• A generation is a form or stage in the life cycle of an organism.
• A genome is the whole of an organism’s hereditary information encoded in its DNA.
• Gregor Mendel, born in Austria on July 22, 1822, is known as the Father of Modern Genetics.
• Johann Mendel, a monk, conducted experiments in his monastery's garden.
• Anton and Rosine Mendel enrolled in a two-year program at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olmütz and graduated in 1843.
• 1972: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combine DNA from two different species in vitro, then transform it into bacterial cells: first DNA cloning.
• 1926: Hermann J
• 1902: Archibald Garrod discovers that alkaptonuria, a human disease, has a genetic basis.
• Muller shows that X-rays induce mutations.
• 1966: Marshall Nirenberg solves the genetic code, showing that 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid.
• 2003: Sequence of the entire human genome is announced.
• 1904: Gregory Bateson discovers linkage between genes.
• 1900: rediscovery of Mendel’s work by Robert Correns, Hugo de Vries, and Erich von Tschermak
• 1953: James Watson and Francis Crick determine the structure of the DNA molecule, which leads directly to knowledge of how it replicates
• 1910: Thomas Hunt Morgan proves that genes are located on the chromosomes (using fruit flies).
• Gregor Mendel joined the Augustinian order at the St. Thomas Monastery in Brno and was given the name Gregor.
• Gregor Mendel was sent to fill a temporary teaching position in Znaim but failed a teaching-certification exam the following year.
• Gregor Mendel was sent to the University of Vienna where he studied mathematics, physics, and botany respectively under Christian Doppler and Franz Unger.
• Gregor Mendel returned to the monastery in Brno and was given a teaching position at a secondary school where he began his experiments.
• Gregor Mendel researched the transmission of hereditary traits in plant hybrids from 1854 to 1865.
• To cross-pollinate, Gregor Mendel removed the male reproductive parts of the flower while still young.
• Gregor Mendel created a “pure” generation or true-breeding generation.
• Gregor Mendel cross-pollinated purple-flowered plants with white-flowered ones and found that all offspring were 100% purple-flowered.
• In the 2nd generation, Gregor Mendel took 2 purple-flowered plants and crossed them with each other, resulting in 75% purple-flowered plants and 25% white-flowered ones.
• Animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells, have a round or irregular shape, store energy in the form of the complex carbohydrate glycogen, produce 10 proteins, can only differentiate stem cells, increase in cell numbers, have no cell wall but have a cell membrane, have centrioles, have cilia for locomotion, undergo cytokinesis, and do not contain glyoxysomes or lysosomes.
• Plant cells contain the membrane-enclosed nucleus, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and cell (plasma) membrane.
• Plant cells contain plasmodesmata, pores between plant cell walls that allow molecules and communication signals to pass between individual plant cells.
• Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane, with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, no cell wall, and between 1 and 100 micrometers in size.
• Plant cells have membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles, Chlorophyll for green color, use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates, are autotrophic and photoautotrophic, and have a cell wall and central vacuole for rigidity, storage, and turgor pressure.
• Plant cells are larger than animal cells, have a rectangular or cube shape, store energy in the form of starch, produce all 20 amino acids, can differentiate most cell types, become larger by absorbing more water into the central vacuole, have a cell wall and cell membrane, have no centrioles, have no cilia, undergo cell plate construction during cytokinesis, and contain plastids needed for photosynthesis.
• Animal cells contain the nucleus, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and cell (plasma) membrane.
• Animal cells and plant cells share similarities such as being eukaryotic cells, having a true nucleus that houses DNA, similar processes for reproduction: mitosis and meiosis, obtaining energy through the process of cellular respiration, and containing cell structures specialized to perform functions necessary for normal cellular operation: organelles.
• Animal cells contain a small number of small vacuoles, while plant cells contain a large central vacuole that occupies up to 90% of the cell's volume.
• Cytoplasm is where intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles are found.
• Gregor Mendel published “Experiments in Plant Hybridization” in 1866, containing the basic theory of genetics.