Gen Chem

• Matter is anything that has to do with mass and volume.
• The amount of matter is measured in kg.
• The space matter takes up is measured in m3.
• Matter is composed of substances called elements, which have specific chemical and physical properties and cannot be broken down into other substances.
• Ancient Philosophers speculated on the nature of materials around them as they were not able to conduct experiments that will validate their assumptions.
• According to them, materials are made up of one primal matter.
• Anaximenes thought that all materials are made up of air.
• Heraclitus thought that all materials are made up of fire.
• Thales thought that all materials are made up of water.
• Empedocles settled on all four elements: air, fire, water, and earth.
• Leucippus and Democritus thought that all materials are made up of tiny bits of matter which cannot be divided further, symbolized by the term "atomos".
• There are four main ideas in the particulate nature of matter: matter is composed of discrete particles, there is an empty space between particles of matter, the particles of matter are in constant motion, and there are forces that act between the particles.
• Solid matter has an arrangement of particles that is compact and arranged in an orderly manner, with very little spaces between particles.
• Solid matter has strong intermolecular forces.
• Solid matter's particles vibrate in fixed positions.
• Solid matter's particles have low energy.
• Liquid matter has an arrangement of particles that is close together but not arranged in an orderly manner, with moderate spaces between particles.
• Liquid matter has moderate intermolecular forces.
• Liquid matter's particles slid past one another.
• Liquid matter's particles have moderate energy.
• Gas matter has an arrangement of particles that is far apart and arranged randomly, with huge spaces between particles.
• Gas matter has very minimal intermolecular forces.
• Gas matter's particles move quickly and randomly.
• As the temperature increases, particles gain kinetic energy which results in their fast movement.
• Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between particles may be attractive or repulsive.
• In a cold glass, the water particles inside attract one another, while the glass particles and the water particles outside repel one another.
• Solid matter has strong intermolecular forces, its particles vibrate in fixed positions, and have low energy.
• Liquid matter has moderate intermolecular forces, its particles slid past one another, and have moderate energy.
• Gas matter has very minimal intermolecular forces, its particles move quickly and randomly, and have high energy.
• Four main ideas in the Particulate Nature of Matter:

  1. Matter is composed of discrete particles.
  2. There is an empty space between particles of matter.
  3. The particles of matter are in constant motion.
  4. There are forces that act between the particles.
• Arrangement of Particles:

  Solid - compact and arranged in an orderly manner; very little spaces between particles.

  Liquid - close together but not arranged in an orderly manner; moderate spaces between particles.

  Gas - far apart and arranged randomly; huge spaces between particles.
• Intermolecular Forces:

  Solid - strong

  Liquid - moderate

  Gas - very minimal
• Motion of Particles:

  Solid - vibrating in fixed positions

  Liquid - sliding past one another

  Gas - moving quickly and randomly
• Energy of Particles:

  Solid - low

  Liquid - moderate

  Gas - high