Zsm

• Biological evolution is the change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations.
• Development (ontogeny) of organisms is not considered evolution.
• Groups of organisms (population) undergo descent with modifications.
• Pr primates and humans have cognitive abilities to recognize each other.
• Ecological factors that increase exposure and thus jump rate include change in land use, agricultural practices, livestock practices, trading, bush meat use, water supply, climate change.
• Selective sweeps eliminate polymorphisms at nearly regions of chromosome during a selective sweep, reducing genetic diversity close to the beneficial mutation.
• If a queen ant does not carry a green beard and only BB, the ants carrying a green beard will kill the BB queen ant, as queens with a green beard are more likely to have the social gene.
• Kin discrimination allows individuals to selectively direct cooperative acts to relatives, rather than cooperating with their own kind than with others.
• Agriculture led to higher population densities, larger group sizes, closer interaction networks, and increased transmission opportunities.
• If phenotypic classification into Europeans, Asians and Africans would have a genetic basis, it would be unexpected as most genetic variation is between these groups and not within them.
• Balancing selection at the β-hemoglobin locus maintains genetic variation.
• Spite can be selected for when relatedness between interacting partners is negative.
• Inclusive fitness theory explains any adaptive patterns by natural selection, not only cooperation between relatives.
• Extinction is permanent and creating new genetic variation takes forever.
• Fewer of the tropical diseases are acute.
• In ants, the green beard gene is strongly linked to the social gene.
• Genetic diversity in orang-outans is much older and there are much deeper splits among orang-outans compared to humans.
• Darwin’s statement: Natural selection favors individuals that maximize their inclusive fitness.
• Northern latitudes have less sunlight and lower UV, requiring more vitamin D synthesis.
• A higher proportion of the diseases conveys long-lasting immunity in the temperate zones than in the tropics.
• There is a discrepancy between census size and genetic diversity in humans.
• Mutually beneficial cooperation can be stabilized by high relatedness, but it is not essential to be selected for.
• Modern humans spread out of Africa 60,000 years ago.
• For altruism, relatedness between interacting partners must be high for altruism to be selected for.
• Evolutionary factors: Genetic change in pathogen in the reservoirs, genetic change in pathogen during human infection.
• The time to MRCA among humans is about 120kya.
• Negative costs (c < 0) indicate a net benefit to the actor.
• The Golden gene (SLC24A5) has probably evolved as an advantage in the north due to more vitamin D synthesis.
• The Tgr-locus represents a genetic kin recognition mechanism.
• Genetic species is genetically less variable than other species.
• Patients either die or recover within weeks.
• Neutral variants linked to beneficial mutations hitchhike to higher frequency when the beneficial mutation gets fixed.
• The green beard effect is a mechanism for limited dispersal and kin discrimination, with common ancestry being the origin of high relatedness at the cooperative trait.
• Familiarity via growing up together in a social group might be a good proxy for kin recognition.
• IUCN lists all great ape species as endangered or critically endangered.
• Most of the temperate diseases are acute rather than chronic or latent.
• Many human diseases are caused by mutations that are nearly or completely recessive.
• It matters with whom you interact and what the cost and benefit of the interactions are.
• Recessive beneficial mutants spread slowly when they are rare.
• Selfish behavior is bad for high relatedness as it increases one's fitness, decreasing the fitness of a relative.