Universal water

• Universal water refers to water in its purest form, free from impurities and contaminants.
• Water formation, water isotopes fraction, and the global water cycle are key concepts in understanding the hydrosphere system.
• Learning objectives of the lecture include defining "water", discussing some basic concepts and fundamental about the hydrosphere system, and understanding the global water cycle and demand.
• Water is a noun, a transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, H2O, freezing at 0 ° C and boiling at 100 ° C, in more or less impure state.
• Transpiration is represented as T.
• Groundwater is represented as s.
• Land Surface is represented as g.
• Groundwater Flow is represented as G.
• Evaporation is represented as E.
• Infiltration is represented as I.
• Storage is represented as s.
• Subsurface Flow is represented as Rg.
• Surface Runoff is represented as R.
• Precipitation is represented as P.
• Unsteady Flow Equation: I = Input (volume/time) O= Output (volume/time) dS/dt = Time rate of change of storage.
• Water (H2O) is the general systematic name for water, also known as Aqua, Hydrogen oxide, Dihydrogen monoxide, Hydrogen hydroxide, Oxane, Oxidane, and Molecular name H2O.
• The molar mass of water (H2O) is 18.0153 g/mol.
• Water appears as a transparent, almost colorless liquid with a slight hint of blue.
• A simple hydrologic system model is one where what goes in, goes out.
• A watershed is represented as a system boundary.
• These components can be grouped into subsystems of the overall cycle to analyze the total system, with the simpler subsystems treated separately and the results combined according to the interactions.
• The hydrologic cycle may be treated as a system whose components are precipitation, evaporation, runoff and other phases in the hydrologic cycle.
• A hydrologic system is defined as a structure or volume in space, surrounded by a boundary, that accepts water and other inputs, operates on them internally, and produces them as outputs.
• To describe relationships between different variables in the hydrologic cycle, the input, I, is represented as precipitation and the output, Q, is represented as runoff.
• In the absence of perfect knowledge, the components of the hydrologic cycle can be represented in a simplified way by means of the system concept.
• The input to a watershed is represented as rainfall.
• The output from a watershed is represented as streamflow, which includes evaporation and subsurface flow.
• The storm rainfall-runoff process on a watershed can be represented as a hydrologic system.
• There are 8 billion people in 2022, 5.3 billion in 1900, 6.1 billion in 2000, 2050, and 2100.
• Water scarcity will affect hundreds of millions of people by 2100.
• Water is life's mater and matrix, mother and medium, and there is no life without water, according to Albert Szent-Györgyi, a Nobel Prize Winner in Medicine in 1937.
• Factors affecting demand for water include population growth, industrial and rural development/land uses, water charges, and consumer preferences.
• There are also stable oxygen atoms with 17 or 18 nucleons (one or two extra neutrons) written as 17 O and 18 O.
• Nature has provided us with something almost as good as paint in the form of isotopes.
• Hydrogen comes in three flavors: 1 H (usually written as simply H), 2 H (D, or deuterium) and 3 H (T, or tritium, which is radioactive).
• Tritium was released to the atmosphere during the test phase for hydrogen bombs.
• The radioactive isotope tritium (3 H) and the stable isotopes deuterium (2 H) and oxygen-18 (18 O) are rare components of the water molecule H 2 O.
• Tracking the movements of water through the system — in oceans, air, clouds, rain, snow, ice, lakes, rivers, and back to the oceans — is a primary concern of climatologists.
• The most abundant isotope of water is H 2 16 O, but the isotopes H 2 18 O and HD 16 O are also relatively common and can be easily measured.
• In computer models, it is relatively easy to "paint" different water masses different colors and then see how the "red" water spreads around the system.