Respiratory System

• Main function of the respiratory system is for respiration and ventilation; Regulates the pH level of the blood and is maintained through exchange of gases; contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, and excretes small amount of heat and water.
• Respiration: exchange of gases that happens in the alveoli
• Ventilation: flow of the air in and out of the body
• Divisions of the respiratory system: Structural Division & Functional Division
• Structural Division: upper and lower respiratory system
• Upper Respiratory System: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
• Lower Respiratory System: larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Functional Division: Conduction and Respiratory Zone
• Conducting Zone: consists of interconnecting cavities and tubes outside and within the lungs, for passageway of air only. Organs involved: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
• Respiratory Zone: consists of interconnecting tubes and tissues within the lungs where exchange of gas occurs. Organs involved: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, and alveoli
• • Size of Nose: Male (2.2 inches); Female (2 inches)
  • Shape: Triangular but it varies
  • Location: OUTER: center of the face, ventral; INNER: roof of the mouth
  • Composition: bone, cartilage, adipose tissue
  • Function: allows air to enter the body, filters debris, moisten, and warms the airmoistens
• Surface Anatomy of The Nose:

  • Roof: glabella level
  • Apex: tip of the nose
  • Bridge: boney framework
  • External Nares: nostrils
  • Columella: anchors the apex at the base and separates the external nares
• Boney Framework:

  • Frontal bone
  • Maxilla
  • Nasal bones

  Cartilaginous Framework:

  • Lateral nasal cartilage
  • Septal cartilage
  • Alar cartilage
• Three Major Cartilage of The Nose:

  • Lateral nasal cartilage: forms the inferior portion of nasal bones
  • Septal cartilage: forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum
  • Alar cartilage: forms the portion of the external nares/ nostrils
• Internal Nose/ Nasal Cavity

  • filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
  • detects olfactory stimuli
  • modifying speech vibrations
• Location of The Nasal Cavity:

  • Anterior to the skull
  • Inferior to nasal bones
  • Superior to oral cavity
  • Posteriorly, it communicates with the pharynx through openings called internal nares/ choanae
• Nasal Cavity:

  • Lateral walls: ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal,palatine, inferior nasal conchae bones
  • Roof: ethmoid bone
  • Floor: hard palate
  • Anterior: nasal vestibule
  • Superior: sphenoid bone
• Nasal Septum: vertical partition dividing the nasal cavity
• Composition of nasal septum:

  • Anterior: hyaline cartilage
  • Remainder: vomer, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, maxillae, palatine bones
• Ducts from the paranasal sinuses (drains mucus) and the nasolacrimal ducts (drains tears) also open to the nasal cavity
• Regions of the Nasal Cavity

  1. Respiratory Region: located in the inferior portion. Made in pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  2. Olfactory Region: located in the superior portion: Made of olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells with cilia
• Conchae/ Turbinates: appear as walls

  Meatus: appear as spaces/ rooms
• VESTIBULE: filters out large dust particles
• CHOANAE: increase the surface area of the internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping water droplets during exhalation
• CONCHAE & MEATUS: warmed by blood in the capillaries
• GOBLET CELLS & NASOLACRIMAL DUCTS: produces mucus that moistens the air and traps dust with the help of nasolacrimal ducts
• Cilia: pushes the mucus out of the body and traps dust particles towards the pharynx (swallowing/ spit out)
• The Pharynx

  • AKA: throat
  • SIZE & DIMENSION: 13 cm/ 5 inches
  • SHAPE: Funnel-shaped
  • LOCATION: internal nares-level of cricoid cartilage; posterior to nasal and oral cavity; anterior to the cervical vertebrae
  • COMPOSITION: the wall is made of skeletal muscle lined with mucus membrane
• Muscle of the pharynx: helps to push the food, for speaking

  • superior constrictor
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
  • stylopharyngeus
  • palatopharyngeus
  • salpingopharyngeus
• Superior Portion/ Nasopharynx

  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
  • passageway of air, contains internal nares, opening for auditory tubes, and pharyngeal tonsil

  Middle Portion/ Oropharynx

  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous with no cilia and goblet cells
  • passageway for air, food, drinks/ liquid; contains opening from the mouth

  Inferior Portion/ Laryngopharynx/ Hypopharynx

  • nonkeratinized stratified squamous with no cilia and goblet cells
  • passageway for air, food, drinks/ fluid
• The Larynx

  • AKA: Voice Box
  • Size and Dimension: 4-5 cm in length; smaller in women
  • Shape: Tubular
  • Location: midline of the neck; anterior to fourth cervical vertebra through the sixth cervical vertebra (C4-C6)
  • Composition: Wall with 9 cartilages
  • Function: passageway for air connecting laryngopharynx and trachea
• (Larynx)Linings:

  • Larynx Superior To Vocal Folds: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • Larynx Inferior To Vocal Folds: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, basal, cells
• THYROID CARTILAGE

  • AKA: Adam's apple
  • TYPE: 2 plates of hyaline
  • Shape: Triangular
  • Anatomy: laryngeal prominence and thyrohyoid membrane
• EPIGLOTTIS:

  AKA:

  TYPER: Elastic

  SHAPE: Leaf-shaped

  ANATOMY: glottis and rima glottidis
• CRICOID CARTILAGE:

  • AKA:
  • TYPE: Hyaline
  • SHAPE: Ring-like
  • ANATOMY: cricotracheal ligament and cricohyoid ligament
• ARYTENOID CARTILAGE

  • AKA: cartilage of Santorini
  • TYPE: Hyaline
  • Shape: Triangular
  • Location: posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage
• CORNICULATE CARTILAGE:

  AKA:

  TYPE: Elastic

  SHAPE: Horn like

  Location: apex of each arytenoid
• CUNEIFORM CARTILAGE:

  • AKA: Wrisberg Cartilage
  • TYPE: Elastic
  • SHAPE: Club-shaped
  • LOCATION: anterior to corniculate
• EXTRINSIC MUSCLE

  • SUPRAHYOID MUSCLE: stylohyoid, mylohyoid geniohyoid, digastric (anterior and posterior belly)
  • INFRAHYOID: thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid (superior and inferior belly)
• INTRINSIC MUSCLE

  • ABDUCTOR: transverse arytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid