control of variables

• validity refers to whether an observed effect is a genuine one
• internal validity is the degree to which an observed effect was due to experimental manipulation rather than factors such as confounding variables
• Inter-rater reliability- extent to which two or more observers are observing and recording behaviour in the same way. We can assess it by comparing the results of two researchers on the same thing and see how well they correlate
• Demand characteristics- Occur when participants try to make sense of the research situation they are in and try to guess the purpose of the research or try to present themselves in a good way. Can be reduced using Double blind control or Single blind control (Participants are not told the true purpose of the research).