Doc basyl

• Hardware Disease - Traumatic reticulitis/reticuloperitonitis, traumatic gastritis. Primarily a diseaseof catte
• Grazing:

  Cattle = use tongue to grab plant material, do not distinguish what they are eating

  Sheep = use lips to grab plants, prefer leaves vs stems

  Goat = prefer woody plants; leaves or stems
• Due to weight of object, these drop into the reticulum. Contractions by the reticulum can cause the foreign object to perforate the reticular wall, causing peritonitis and inflammation of other organs. Most serious complication is traumatic reticulopericarditis, where the pericardium is perforated and inflamed. Infection travels from reticulum through the object to the surrounding tissue, causing abscesses and adhesions
• Left Displaced Abomasum - More common than Right Displaced Abomasum

  • Early lactation – greatest risk
  • “Swingers”
  • Exact cause uncertain, multifactorial
• Right Displaced Abomasum - can lead to volvulus and torsion
• Obstructive Intestinal Disorders

  • Intussusception – enteritis, altered gut motility, parasitism, etc.
  • Strangulation – hernia
  • Fat necrosis – associated with fescue toxicosis
  • Phytobezoar
  • Foreign objects
• Treatment

  • Volvulus – typhlotomy (if distention of cecum due to gas/ingesta); typhlectomy if cecum no longer viable •
  • Intussusception – if necrotic, Resection and anastomosis •
  • Hernia repair + Resection and anastomosis if necrotic •
  • Phytobezoar – enterotomy, Resection and anastomosis if needed
• Intussusception - Mechanical ileus of SI/LI; telescoping of segment -> bowel obstruction. Can be Jejunojejunal/jejunoileal, ileocecocolic, cecocolic, colonic
• SI intussusception clinical sign - Hemorrhagic feces
• Impaction - Accumulation of feed in abomasum leading to dilation of abomasum, possibly other compartments
• Chronic Indigestion Syndrome - Vagal indigestion, Hoflund syndrome. Passage of ingesta out of reticulorumen or abomasum or both is impaired
• Omasal transport failure - “Papple”-shaped abdomen when viewed caudally
• Pyloric outflow failure - • Paralysis of pylorus. Causes accumulation in abomasum and omasum
• LYMPHOMATOSIS - Also occurs in horses; malignant.Lesions occur as nodules under the skin, situated subcutaneously, and common in the paralumbar fossa and perineum• Appears to be a secondary manifestation, and are associated with the lesions of the other organs, in cattle • Biopsy, revealing a large numbers of immature lymphocytes, aids in the diagnosis • The disease is irreversible in cattle
• SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA • Manifested by neoplasms on the eyelids and the eyeball in horses and cattle; known as “ Cancer Eye” • Lesions also occur in horn core in cattle, the horn loosened and falls off leaving the tumor exposed • Lesions proliferate on the free edge of the ear invading the entire area, with a large “cauliflower-shaped mass” appearance • Metastasis of the lesions is common
• Lesions should be freed from scabs and crusts by using any of the following solutions;

  • Silver nitrate • Tincture of iodine • 30% Copper sulfate solution • 4% Formaldehyde • 5% Creosol (Sheep dip) • Sulfa – urea powder
• Boophilus microplus (Cattle tick) - significant ectoparasite of cattle; vector for important diseases e.g., babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Mostly in areas of high humidity, ambient T 15-20 C for egg laying and hatching
• Dermatophilosis - Dermatophilus congolensis. • An exudative skin disease of domestic animals, mainly cattle, sheep, horses and goat. AKA Dermatophilus infection, Cutaneous streptothrichosis, Lumpy wool, Strawberry footrot
• Obturator Nerve Paralysis •

  • Synonym: Calving paralysis •
  • Obturator n: passes down shaft of ilium (pelvic inlet) through obturator foramen •
  • Supplies adductors of hindlimb •
  • Dystocia (calf damaging obturator & ischiatic nerves on way through canal •
  • Plays a role in “downer cow syndrome” •
  • Coxofemoral luxation or femoral neck functions sequelae
• Polioencephalomalacia - Synonyms: Thiamine deficiency, Cerebrocortical necrosis, Cerebral edema. Thiamine (Vit. B1) deficiency; calves & lambs (fast-growing
• Listeriosis - Circling disease, Brain stem meningoencephalitis

  causative agent : Listeria monocytogenes
• Botulism - Clostridium botulinum (types B, C & D)

  AKA Forage poisoning, Lamsiekte
• Tetanus - Lockjaw; Clostridium tetani. Generally individual cattle, no herd outbreak
• Lead Toxicity - More common in cattle than in horse. #1 inorganic poisoning because cattle like to chew lead objects and drink used motor oil
• Organophosphate Poisoning - Organophosphorus insecticide poisoning (Parathion, dichlorvos, malathion, ronnel, ruelene, trichlorfon). Similar with carbamate except irreversible

  CS: Muscle tremor and contraction

  Tx: Atropine therapy
• Carbamate Poisoning - Insecticides similar to carbaryl

  Tx: Atropine
• Salt Poisoning - Water deprivation, Sodium toxicity. Die within 24 hrs of clinical sign
• Principles of Therapy

  • • Prevent further absorption
  • • Supportive & symptomatic treatment
  • • Specific antidotes