liver *5

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    Begumzz

    Cards (23)

    • define excretion ?
      The process of eliminating metabolic waste products from the body
    • how is carbon dioxide excreted ?
      exhalation
    • How are bile pigments excreted ?
      in bile from the liver into small intestine via the gallbladder and bile duct
    • How are bile pigments formed ?
      they are formed from the breakdown of haemoglobin from old red blood cells
    • What happens if carbon dioxide is not excreted ?
      hydrogencarbonate reduces the ability for hamoglobin to transport oxygen and hydrogencarbonate ions also form carbominohaemoglobin which has lower oxygen affinity than haemoglobin causing low blood pH causing acidic blood
    • How is urea formed ?
      deamination of amino acid, the amino acid reacts with oxygen to form keto acid and ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide to form urea and water
    • where is urea excreted from ?
      transported to the kidneys for excretion in urine
    • Function of Kupffer cells ?
      Phagocytosis and immune response in the liver and kills old red blood cells
    • Why is the hepatic artery helpful to the liver ?
      it supplies it with oxygenated blood
    • how does the sinusoid containing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood help the liver ?
      Oxygenates the liver.
    • how do you tell the difference between Hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery ?
      vein has a thinner muscle and wider lumen
    • how to tell between the hepatic vein and hepatic portal vein ?
      close
      A) the hpv is close to the HA . HV is far away
    • How to distinguish between bile duct and hepatic artery ?
      hepatocytes surround the bile duct
    • what cells bile produced ?
      liver cells
    • What is the benefit of bile to lipid digestion ?
      emulsifies lipids for digestion, increases surface area and volume ratio so lipase can work easier
    • what do hepatocytes do in response to insulin ?
      stores glucose as glycogen
    • What do hepatocytes do in response to glucagon ?
      Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
    • What blood vessel carries glucose to the sinusoid ?
      hepatic portal vein
    • what blood vessel carries insulin / glucagon from the pancreas to the sinusoid ?
      hepatic artery
    • what is the deamination process ?
      ammonia produced as well as a keto acid
    • What is the ornithine cycle ?
      Ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide to form urea and water
    • what is the process for detoxification ?
      ethanol oxidised to ethanal via ethanol dehydrogenase. Ethanal oxidised to ethanoate via ethanal dehydrogenase. Ethanoate enters krebs cycle. one reduced NAD is produced each time
    • Why can ethanol damage cells ?
      it is lipid soluble so can enter through the phospholipid bilayer and damage cells
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